Merciful 5/Merciful - Disc 5.iso/software/r/raystormv1.8cr.lha/raystorm/Docs/RayStorm.doc

Text File | 1997-02-19 | 118.6 KB | 3,915 lines

                                                              February 16th 1997

                          R a y S t o r m   ›3mv1.8›0m

                     by Andreas Heumann and Mike Hesser

 ›0m›1m1. Introduction›0m
   ›3m Introduction       ›0m     What is RayStorm?
   ›3m Requirements       ›0m     What do I need to run it?
   ›3m Features           ›0m     What can Scenario do?
   ›3m Limitations        ›0m     What limitations has the demo version?

 ›0m›1m2. Installation›0m
   ›3m Installation       ›0m     How can I install it?

 ›0m›1m3. General information›0m
   ›3m Raytracing         ›0m     What is raytracing?
   ›3m Octree             ›0m     What is an octree?
   ›3m Antialiasing       ›0m     What is antialiasing?
   ›3m Depth of field     ›0m     What is Depth of Field?
   ›3m Soft shadows       ›0m     What are soft shadows?
   ›3m Motion Blur        ›0m     What is Motion Blur?
   ›3m Surfaces           ›0m     What meaning have the surface parameters?
   ›3m CSG                ›0m     What is CSG?
   ›3m Directory Structure›0m     Some words to directory and project structures.
   ›3m Virtual Memory     ›0m     How do I use virutal memory?
   ›3m Internals          ›0m     Some internal details.
   ›3m Tips & Tricks      ›0m     Useful tips,tricks and hints (FAQ)
   ›3m Textures           ›0m     How do I use textures?
   ›3m RAW object format  ›0m     Description of RAW object files.

 ›0m›1m3. Scenario Usage›0m
   ›3m Usage              ›0m     How do I use Scenario?
   ›3m Menus              ›0m     Description of the menus.
   ›3m Buttons            ›0m     Description of the buttons.
   ›3m Object Menus       ›0m     Description of object orientated menus.
   ›3m Keyboard Control   ›0m     How do I use Scenario with the keyboard?

 ›0m›1m4. Script Usage›0m
   ›3m ARexx interface    ›0m     Which commands doe it have?
   ›3m Examples           ›0m     How do I use the examples?
   ›3m Tutorials          ›0m     Some tutorials

 ›0m›1m5. Registration›0m
   ›3m Register           ›0m     What must I do to register?

 ›0m›1m6. Misc›0m
   ›3m Known Bugs         ›0m     Bugs
   ›3m Credits            ›0m     Thanks go to...
   ›3m Authors            ›0m     Who wrote it?
   ›3m Literature         ›0m     Which books do we use?
   ›3m PC-Version         ›0m     Where can I get the PC-version?
   ›3m Homepage           ›0m     Where to find us on the World Wide Web.
   ›3m History            ›0m     What happened in the past?
   ›3m Future             ›0m     What is planned for the future?

 ›0m›1m7. Legal Stuff›0m
   ›3m Legal Stuff        ›0m     Legal stuff


›0m›1mINTRODUCTION›0m

This document describes the raytracing package RayStorm. This package consists
of two parts:
- The scene modeler ›0m›1mScenario›0m which is the graphical user interface
  (GUI) of the RayStorm package.
- The script interface ›0m›1mRayStorm Script›0m, a program wich allowes one
  to use the raytracer through a script language.
- The heart of RayStorm: ›0m›1mRayStorm Raytracer›0m, wich generates the
  picture from a scene description (this part is not visible for the user
  but nevertheless it's the main part).

Here are some additional informations to the parts:

  ›3mRayStorm Scenario›0m
  ›3mRayStorm Script›0m
  ›3mRayStorm Raytracer›0m

›0m›1mINTRODUCTION TO SCENARIO›0m

As we developed Scenario we tried to make the user interface to use as
easy as possible to enable even absolute beginners to work with it. Therefore
almost all actions can be performed with the mouse. For advanced users we
implemented keyboard shortcuts for almost all functions.

›0m›1mINTRODUCTION TO RAYSTORM SCRIPT›0m

The script language that contains the description of the scene is easy to
learn and offers some powerful capabilities. In addition, the script language
has a full support for key frame animation.

A RayStorm script file (.ray files) is basically divided into the following
sections:
- Various settings of the camera, the world and the lights,
- Definitions of the different textured surfaces,
- Different actors that set the Motion Blur and animation parameters,
- Objects that are associated with surfaces and actors
- Settings for the final rendered graphic.

For a more detailed description click ›3mhere›0m.

›0m›1mINTRODUCTION TO RAYSTORM RAYTRACER›0m

The raytracer itself is a part to RayStorm which is not directly visible.
All features of the raytracer are packed into a shared library. Both Scenario
and RayStorm Script use this library to render their scenes.

The raytracer is based on a fast octree algorithm. It has some powerfull
features such as ›3mMotion Blur›0m and ›3mDepth of Field›0m.

›0m›1mGENERAL›0m

Raytracing makes it possible to generate fotorealistic pictures of objects.

A raytracer casts a ray form the position of the viewer through a scene
and calculates possible intersections with the objects in that scene. If an
intersection is found, the raytracer decides which color the object
at this position has. If the object is reflective or transparent, the
raytracer casts new rays from this positon and tests the intersections
again and so on.

To make the surfaces of the objects more realistic, textures which
simulate marble, wood other surfaces can be used.

›0m›1mOCTREE›0m
Simple raytracers determine the intersections with objects by testing all
objects. This can lead to long rendering times if there are a lot of
objects in the scene.

One solution of this problem is the Octree algorithm.
This algorithm divides the scene into eight child-cells recursively until
there is less than oe object in the cell or the maximum depth of the tree is reached.

Division of space with the octree algorithm:
               _
               /| z
              /
     /-------/-------/|
 ^ y/       /       / |
 | / left  / right / b|
 |/       /       / |a|
 |-------/-------| f|c|
 |               | r|k|
 |      up       | o| /
 |---------------| n|/
 |               | t|
 |     down      | /  x
 |---------------|/-->

›0m›1mANTIALIASING›0m

RayStorm uses a algorithm called 'Adaptive Supersampling' to do antialiasing.
For each pixel with a high contrast against its four neighbours, the algorithm
casts new rays which are close to the ray used for the pixel itself. The new
color of the pixel is calculated with the supersampled pixels and the gaussian
filter.

Supersampling is also used to do ›3mdepth of field›0m and ›3msoft shadows›0m. So if
you want to use this features you have to set a antialiasing value greater
than one. (-> ›3mANTIALIAS›0m)

Example:
Settings: squareroot of number of samples per pixel: 3

|--------|--------|--------|
| super- | super- | super- |
| sampled| sampled| sampled|
|        |        |        |
|--------|--------|--------|
| super- |        | super- |
| sampled| pixel  | sampled|
|        |        |        |
|--------|--------|--------|
| super- | super- | super- |
| sampled| sampled| sampled|
|        |        |        |
|--------|--------|--------|

|- Gaussian filter width  -|

The rendering time increases dramatically if you use antialiasing. The
values below depend on the contrast of the picture.

Samplesetting     rendering time
                  average case     worst case
1                 x1                x1
2                 x2                x4
3                 x4                x8
4                 x8               x16
...               ...              ...

Setting higher than 3 are not leading to significant better results.

›0m›1mDEPTH OF FIELD›0m

Objects in computer graphics are normally rendered in an image plane
using a pinhole camera model. That is to say, no matter how far or how
near the objects are from the camera, they are always in sharp focus.
Depth of field means that only objects at a certain distance from the
camera lens are in sharp focus. Further and nearer objects produce a
blurred image on the film plane.

[From 'Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques']

To use depth of field you have to set ›3mANTIALIAS›0m to a value bigger
than one.

›3mExample for DOF›0m

›0m›1mSOFT SHADOWS›0m

Real Light sources never have a zero size, therefore the shadows behind
objects are never hard edged, they are soft. RayStorm generates this
shadows by jittering the position of the light source. To use soft shadows
you must set ›3mDISTRIB›0m to a value bigger than one.

›0m›1mMOTION BLUR›0m

Motion blur is temporal anti-aliasing. In animated sequences, the normal
rendering process functions like a camera that possesses an infinitely
short exposure time and this eliminates the blurring of the image due
to relative motion between an object and the film plane. When a series of
images, generated without motion blur, is displayed as an animated
sequence, the illusion of smooth motion is diminished by strobing effects.
As human beings we expect to see loss of detail in moving images.

Motion blur is accounted for in distributed ray tracing by extending the
distributed sampling and jittering into the time domain and computing a
solution that extracts information from the scen over the duration of the
shutter exposure time. Objects are moved as required in the time period
and visibility consequently changes over this time intervall. This method
ensures that highlights and shadows are blurred or not, depending on the
nature of the motion.

[From 'Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques']

›0m›1mSURFACES›0m

Ambient (set with AMBIENT)

This determines the color of the object in sections which are in shadow.

Diffuse reflection (set with DIFFUSE)

The diffuse reflection falls off as the cosine of the angle between
the normal and the ray to the light. Diffuse reflection determines the
main color of the object (color in Imagine).

Specularly reflected highlights (set with SPECULAR)

Specularly reflected highlights fall off as the cosine of the angle
between the reflected ray and the ray to the light source (specular in
Imagine)

Specular reflection exponent (set with REFEXP)

Determines the size of the specularly reflected highlights, the higher
the smaller the highlight (hardness in Imagine)

Diffuse transmission (set with DIFFTRANS)

Same as diffuse reflection, but only used if the lightsource is on
opposite side of surface. Only applied if tranlucency is not 0.

Specular transmission (set with SPECTRANS)

Same as specular reflection, but only used if the lightsource is on
opposite side of surface. Only applied if tranlucency is not 0.

Specular transmission exponent (set with TRANSEXP)

Same as specular reflection exponent, but only used if the lightsource
is on opposite side of surface.

Specular transmittance (set with TRANSLUC)

Specular transmittance.

Transparency (set with TRANSPAR)

Transparent color (filter in Imagine).

Reflectivity (set with REFLECT)

Reflective color (reflect in Imagine).

Fog lenght (set with FOGLEN) (fog in Imagine).

Index of refraction (set with REFRINDEX)

Determines how the ray through transparent objects is refracted, the higher
the more (index of refraction in Imagine).
Is calculated with the formula

            lightspeed in vacuum
   index = ----------------------
            lightspeed in object    .



›0m›1mCSG›0m

The idea of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) is to combine to or more
primitives with logical operations to produes a new shape. The operations
needed for CSG are union, intersection, and difference.

With the intersection operator you can combine two objects, and the new shape
consists of all points which are inside the first ›0m›1mand›0m the second
object. Points inside one of the objects, but not the other are not part of the
shape.

If you combine two objects with the union operator, the new shape consists
of all points which are inside either the first or the second object, or
inside both objects.

With the difference operator you can cut out a piece of an object with another
object. The first object is the object that is being 'cut' by the second
object.

›0m›1mDIRECTORY AND PROJECT STRUCTURE›0m

scenario             the root directory of scenario
|-brushes            the brush directory (you can create subdirectories here)
| |- brush 1
| |- brush 2
| |- ...
| |- brush n
|-objects            the objects directory (you can create subdirectories here)
| |- object 1
| |- object 1
| |- ...
| |- object n
|-textures           the textures directory (you can create subdirectories here)
| |- texture 1
| |- texture 2
| |- ...
| |- texture n
|-projects           the projects directory (Scenario creates for every project a subdirectory)
  |-project 1        the first project
  | |- project.scn   the file where the scene is stored (has always this name)
  | |-brushes        the directory for brushes which are local to this project
  | | |- ...
  | |-objects        the directory for objects which are local to this object
  | | |- ...
  | |- pic.0001      the rendered pictures
  | |- pic.0002
  | |- ...
  | |- pic.n
  |- project 2       another project
  |- ...
  |- project n

The default project directory can be set with the ›3mpreferences›0m.

›0m›1mVIRTUAL MEMORY›0m

RayStorm has been tested succesfully with VMM 3.1 from Martin Apel. If you
want use RayStorm with virtual memory notice follwing hints:

- set Minimum VM allocation to 100 bytes if you define large scenes with
  many objects, because RayStorm only allocates small pieces of memory for
  single objects (less then 200 bytes). If you're loading Imagine objects
  RayStorm allocates big blocks of memory so you don't have to set Minimum
  VM allocation to 100.
- use a partition or a pseudo-partition for VMM, this is faster

›0m›1mINTERNALS›0m

The development of RayStorm has started in march 1995.

›0m›1mCompiler›0m

- Amiga
  Originally, RayStorm has been developed on Amiga using Maxon C++ 3.0
  Developer. The final Amiga version was compiled with StormC 1.1.
- PC
  The PC version was compiled with WATCOM C++ 10.5.

›0m›1mMemory requirements of the raytracer›0m

Triangle:      156 Bytes (flat shaded)
               192 Bytes (Phong shaded)
Sphere:         70 Bytes
Plane:          78 Bytes
Surface:       122 Bytes + length of name
Screenbuffer:    4 Bytes per pixel

Memory requirements of the octree depends on the scene.

›0m›1mSource Code›0m

About 70.000 lines of C++-Code in more than 250 modules (about
1.6 MByte of source).

›0m›1mRAW OBJECT FORMAT›0m

RAW files are simple ASCII based descriptions of triangle objects. The file
consits of object sections which start with a name. This name is followed
by several triangle definitions. A RAW file consists of unlimited object
sections. Below is an example of a simple RAW file which describes two objects.

Plane
-1 -1 0  1 -1 0  1 1 0
-1 -1 0  -1 1 0  1 1 0
House
-3 -1 0  -2 -1 0  -2 1 0
-3 -1 0  -3 1 0  -2 1 0
-3 1 0  -2.5 2 0  -2 1 0

›0m›1mREQUIREMENTS›0m

(1) You will need at least Kickstart 2.0.

(2) 060-version: 68060 processor (with internal FPU)

(3) 040-version: 68040 processor (with internal FPU)

(4) 881-version: 68020 processor or better and a mathematical coprocessor)

(5) 020-version: 68020 processor (no math coprocessor needed)

(6) 2MB RAM minimum

(7) RayStorm was written using MUI. Therefore you need muimaster.library
    V3.3 or better to run RayStorm.

recommended: 68040, 8MB RAM, Harddisk, GFX-Board

The faster the better :-).

Tested with:
A1200 68030/50, 6MB, 200MB HD
A2000 68040/30, 9MB, 250+250MB HD, Merlin Gfx-board
A2000 68030/14, 68882/20, 4MB, 730+52MB HD
A4000 68030/25, 68882/57, 18MB, 730+80MB HD, Cybervision 64 Gfx-board

›0m›1mFEATURES›0m

›0m›1mScenario›0m

- create spheres, planes, boxes, lightsources and cameras
- create mesh objects: cubes, spheres, planes, tubes and cones
- each object can track each other
- unlimited amount of cameras to view scene from different directions
- define surfaces for all objects, including brushes and textures
- load external objects (RayStorm object files, Imagine TDDD files,
  AutoDesk 3DS files and RAW files)
- save and load scenes
- save and load objects
- group and ungroup objects
- preview of surfaces in material requester
- render scenes with RayStorm Raytracer
- preview of renderd scenes
- quadview
- Multilevel undo (only memory limited) and redo
- Status bar

›0m›1mRayStorm Script›0m

- ARexx port with 43 commands.

›0m›1mRayStorm Raytracer›0m

- Up to 30% faster than Imagine (in trace mode).
- Octree algorithm used for rendering.
- Motion blur for realistic simulations of moving objects.
- Color, reflectivity, filter, altitude and specular mapping.
- Flat, cylinder and sphere mapping.
- Soft brush mapping.
- Mathematical textures: wood, marble, bumps, checker, linear, radial, stars
  and fire.
- Tranparency and physically correct refractions.
- 8 levels of antialiasing (adaptive supersampling).
- Rendering box.
- Four builtin object types: sphere, plane, box and triangle.
- CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry)
- Three light types: ambient, point and spot.
- Depth of field with adjustable focal distance and aperture.
- Soft shadows.
- Backdrop picture.
- Global fog and foggy objects.
- Material attributes for realistic objects: ambient color, diffuse color,
  specular color, specular reflection exponent, diffuse transmission color,
  specular transmission color, specular transmission exponent, specular
  transmittance, transparent color, reflective color, index of refraction,
  foglength.
- Bright objects.
- Quick rendering.
- Global reflection map.
- Image formates: IFF-ILBM, PNG, TGA and Datatypes.
- Object format: RayStorm object file, Imagine-TDDD, Autodesk 3DS and RAW
- New image- and object-formats can be easily included because of the
  modular concept.
- Shadowcache.
- Definable limited amount of objects for avoiding the creation of octree.

›0m›1mLIMITATIONS›0m

The demo version is limited to a resolution of 160x128. The registered version
does not have any limitations.
Click ›3mhere›0m for information on how to register RayStorm.

›0m›1mINSTALLATION›0m

There is a installation script included in the archive which uses the
Commodore Installer. Run it to install RayStorm Scenario.

›0m›1mUSAGE›0m

After you have started Scenario you see the worksheet.

At the top of the sheet are the buttons to manage projects, to control the
view mode, the display mode, the edit mode, enable the selection box and to
control the currently active directions.
Below this button bar is the work area. At startup you can see a grid in
the middle and the camera (note: there must always remain at least one camera
in the scene).
At the bottom of the window is a status bar which displays the name of the
selected object (if more than one object is selected, the name of the first
object is displayed), the name of the active camera and the current cursor
coordinates if the coordinate display is enabled (see ›3mShow Coordinates›0m).

All objects, cameras and light sources have an axis to handle it. The axis
consist of a rectangular area - the hot spot or handle - and three lines
which show the orientation of the axis. The axis can be selected by clicking
with the left mouse button at the handle. If it is selected the color of
the axis and the object changes.

Clicking with the left mouse button invokes the modify mode. According to the
slected mode (move, rotate or scale) the world or the selected object(s) can
be modified.

Clicking with the right mouse button open object specific menus (see
›3mObject Menus›0m).

›0m›1mMENUS›0m

  Project
   ›3m New               ›0m
   ›3m Open...           ›0m
   ›3m Save              ›0m
   ›3m Save As...        ›0m
   ›3m Render settings...›0m
   ›3m Set Render Window ›0m
   ›3m Render            ›0m
   ›3m About...          ›0m
   ›3m Quit              ›0m

  Edit
   ›3m Undo              ›0m
   ›3m Redo              ›0m
   ›3m Cut               ›0m
   ›3m Copy              ›0m
   ›3m Paste             ›0m
   ›3m Delete            ›0m
   ›3m Select all        ›0m
   ›3m Deselect all      ›0m
   ›3m Select next       ›0m
   ›3m Select previous   ›0m
   ›3m Mode              ›0m
   ›3m Active            ›0m

  View
   ›3m Redraw            ›0m
   ›3m Focus             ›0m
   ›3m Zoom in           ›0m
   ›3m Zoom out          ›0m
   ›3m Zoom fit          ›0m
   ›3m View              ›0m
   ›3m Camera to viewer  ›0m
   ›3m Grid              ›0m
   ›3m Snap to Grid      ›0m
   ›3m Gridsize...       ›0m
   ›3m Show              ›0m
   ›3m Global settings...›0m

  Object
   ›3m Attributes...     ›0m
   ›3m Settings...       ›0m
   ›3m Group             ›0m
   ›3m UnGroup           ›0m
   ›3m Load...           ›0m
   ›3m Save...           ›0m
   ›3m Create            ›0m
   ›3m Mesh              ›0m
   ›3m Active Camera...  ›0m
   ›3m Browse...         ›0m

  Settings
   ›3m Prefs...          ›0m
   ›3m MUI...            ›0m
   ›3m Load              ›0m
   ›3m Save              ›0m

›0m›1mNEW PROJECT›0m

Deletes all objects and creates the default camera.

›0m›1mOPEN PROJECT›0m

Load a new scene.

›0m›1mSAVE PROJECT›0m

Save the current scene.

›0m›1mSAVE PROJECT AS›0m

Save the current scene with the specified name.

›0m›1mRENDER SETTINGS›0m

Opens the ›3mrender requester›0m. At top of the requester you can select the render
resolutions with a listview or enter the values to the numeric fields. The
values range from 0 to 65535. Here you also can also enable the rendering
field. RayStorm renders only inside this field. The field is shown in the
perspective window if camera view is switched on.
The 'Show' flag enables the direct showing of the picture while the
render process is running (needs KS 3.0 or better).
The 'Quick' flag selects the quick rendering mode. In this mode RayStorm don't
calculates shadows, transparency or reflections.
The 'Octree depth' slider sets the maximum depth of the octree which RayStorm
uses. For almost all scenes a vlaue of three is the best, but in complex scenes
it may be better to use higher values. The higher this value is the longer
takes the initialazion phase and the more memory is needed.
The 'Min. Objects' slider sets the amount of objects upto which no octree is
generated. If ther is a small amount of objects in the scene it's sometimes
better not to build the octree due to the overhead of the intersection test.
This value depends on your scene, for about 3 to 5 objects it's better not
to use the octree. But if you want to render scenes with motion blur it's
better to set this value to zero because this is faster.
The 'Filename' string gadget sets the filename of the generated picture and the
cycle gadget sets the fileformat. You can show the rendered picture with the
view button.
The 'Ok' button closes the requester and stores the current settings, whereas
the 'Cancel' button don't changes the settings.
The 'Render' button starts the rendering of the current scene.

›0m›1mSET RENDER WINDOW›0m

You can set a window in which RayStorm will render the scene. This window is
shown in the perspective view if camera view is switched on. The render
window can be set with the mouse. If you select this menu item it gets
checked. After this you can set the render window by pressing and holding
the left mouse button while you set the render window. After releasing the
mouse button the new render window is set and the enabled.
You can enable and disable the render window in the
›3mRender Settings requester›0m.

›0m›1mRENDER PROJECT›0m

Renders the current scene. The ›3mrender window›0m link is opened.
At the begining only the ›0m›3mCancel›0m button is enabled. With this button
you can break the rendering process. The currently renderd part of the
picture is saved and all memory is freed.
After RayStorm finished rendering the ›0m›3mOk›0m and ›0m›3mShow›0m buttons
are enabled. The
button calls the view program which you set in the ›3msettings requester›0m.

›0m›1mAbout›0m

Shows the about requester with the version number and the current Arexx port
name.

›0m›1mQUIT›0m

Quits Scenario.

›0m›1mUNDO›0m

Undos the last operation. Follwoing actions can be undone:
- transformation (position, alignment, size)
- delete
- cut
- create
- load object

›0m›1mREDO›0m

Redos the last undone operation.

›0m›1mCUT›0m

Moves the currently selected objects to the paste buffer.

›0m›1mCOPY›0m

Copys the currently selected objects to the paste buffer.

›0m›1mPASTE›0m

Copys the currently selected objects from the paste buffer to the scene.

›0m›1mDELETE›0m

Deletes the currently selected objects. The active camera can't be deleted.

›0m›1mSELECT ALL›0m

Selects all objects.

›0m›1mDESELECT ALL›0m

Deselects all objects.

›0m›1mSELECT NEXT›0m

Selects the next object.

›0m›1mSELECT PREVIOUS›0m

Selects the previous object.

›0m›1mMODE›0m

Sets the edit mode:
Move object
Rotate object
Scale object

Move world
Rotate world
Zoom world

›0m›1mACTIVE›0m

Sets the active directions:
X, Y, Z.

›0m›1mREDRAW›0m

Redraws the work area.

›0m›1mFOCUS›0m

Sets the zoom factor so that all selected objects are visible.

›0m›1mZOOM IN›0m

Zooms out by factor two.

›0m›1mZOOM OUT›0m

Zooms in by factor two.

›0m›1mZOOM FIT›0m

Sets the zoom factor so that the whole scene is visible.

›0m›1mVIEW›0m

Sets the view mode:
Front, Right, Top, Perspective, Four, Camera.

›0m›1mCAMERA TO VIEWER›0m

Moves the camera to the the position of the virtual camera, roatates the
camera and sets the opening angles (horizontal and vertial field of view).

›0m›1mGRID›0m

Switches grid on/off.

›0m›1mSNAP TO GRID›0m

Switches grid snapping on/off.

›0m›1mGRID SIZE›0m

Sets grid size.

›0m›1mSHOW›0m

   ›3m Coordinates      ›0m
   ›3m Names            ›0m
   ›3m Brushes          ›0m
   ›3m Textures         ›0m

›0m›1mSHOW COORDINATES›0m

Switches coordinate display on/off.

›0m›1mSHOW NAMES›0m

Sets the show names mode on/off.

›0m›1mSHOW BRUSHES›0m

Sets the show brushes mode on/off.

›0m›1mSHOW TEXTURES›0m

Sets the show textures mode on/off.

›0m›1mGlobal›0m

Opens the ›3mglobal settings requester›0m. Here you can change the global scene
settings.

The 'Background' colorfield sets the color of the background of the rendered
picture.

With the 'Backdrop' string gadget you can enter a picture which will replace
the background.

The 'Reflectionmap' string gadget sets the name of a picture which will be
reflected by objects instead of the background. The reflectionmap is even
applied in quick mode.

The 'Ambient' colorfield sets color of the ambient light which is the base
brightness of all objects. In other words: surfaces which are not illuminated
by a light source get the ambient color.

The next group of gadgets set the ›3mantialiasing›0m parameters. The
antialiasing value ranges from 1 (no antialiasing) to 8 (very high
antialiasing). This value is the squareroot of rays per pixel. Filter width
sets the maximum distance from the main ray to the additional generated rays
in pixels. The 'Contrast' colorfield sets the minimum contrast. If the contrast
of the main pixel against its four neighbours is higher than this color,
RayStorm performs antialiasing at this pixel.

The global fog parameters are controlled with the gadgets of the next group.
'Length' sets the thickness of the fog. The 'Color' colorfield determines the
color of the fog. 'Height' sets the height at which the fog ends. Global fog
always starts at negative infinity in y direction and and at the specified y
position. For more informations about fog click ›3mhere›0m.

The 'Motionblur level' slider is not activated in this version of Scenario,
because motionblur needs animated objects.

The 'Softshadow level' slider sets the squareroot of the amount of additional
casted rays for softshadow. Soft shadows are caused from light sources with
a size bigger than 0.

The 'Random jitter' flag switches between normal and random sampling. With
random sampling the sampling position is calculated randomly.

›0m›1mATTRIBUTES›0m

Opens the attribute requester for the currently selected object, if no object
is selected no requester is opened.
Here you can set the parameters which determine the apperance of the surface.
The requester is divided into three groups:
- ›3mSurface›0m
  At this page you can set the base apperance of the surface.
  - Diffuse
    The diffuse reflection falls off as the cosine of the angle between
    the normal and the ray to the light. Diffuse reflection determines
    the main color of the object.
  - Ambient
    This determines the color of the object in sections which are in
    shadow.
  - Specular
    Specularly reflected highlights fall off as the cosine of the angle
    between the reflected ray and the ray to the light source.
  - Diffuse Transmission
    Same as diffuse reflection, but only used if the lightsource is on
    opposite side of surface. Only applied if tranlucency is not 0.
  - Transparence
    Transparent color.
  - Specular Transmission
    Same as specular reflection, but only used if the lightsource is on
    opposite side of surface. Only applied if tranlucency is not 0.
  - Reflectivity
    Reflective color.
  - Translucency
    Specular transmittance.
  - Reflection exponent
    Determines the size of the specularly reflected highlights, the higher
    the smaller the highlight.
  - Index of refraction
    Determines how the ray through transparent objects is refracted, the
    higher the more.
  - Transmission exponent
    Same as specular reflection exponent, but only used if the lightsource
    is on opposite side of surface.
  - Fog length
  - Bright
    The brightness of the surface is everywhere the same. Light sources don't
    affect the surface, no shadows are visible on the surface, but the object
    casts shadows.
- ›3mBrush›0m
  Brushes are pictures which are projected to the surface. They can replace
  different surface parameters as color, transparency, reflectivity and
  specularity. Additional with altitude mapping brushes can change the normals
  of the surface to simulate bumps or other structures which go 'in' or come
  'out' of the surface.
  There are three wrap methods available:
  - flat (Flat)
    The brush is projected to X-Y plane.
  - cylindrical around x- or y-axis (WrapX and WrapY)
    The brush is wrapped around the x or y-axis, like on a cylinder. The left
    edge of the brush begins at the posititve x-axis and wraps the brush around
    the cylinder from 'west' to 'east'.
  - spherical (WrapXY)
    Wrapping both: around x- and y-axis. It is assumed, that the object is a
    sphere. The y-axis is the north/south pole of the spherical mapping. The
    left edge of the brush begins at the positive x-axis and wraps the brush
    around the sphere from 'west' to 'east'. The brush covers the sphere
    exactly once.
  Additional brushes can be repeated and mirrored (only for flat or cylindrical
  mapping). If 'Soft' is selected, the color between two points of the brush is
  softly interpolated.
- ›3mTexture›0m
  Textures are mathematical generated patterns. Textures can change color,
  reflectivity, transparency and normals of a surface. Textures are controlled
  with a set of 16 parameters.

›0m›1mPreview›0m
  Renders a preview of the surface on a sphere (only for KS 3.0 and better).
  The light source is always placed right top before the sphere.
  All surface attributes can be viewed here except brushes and fog.
  If reflectivity is set the RayStorm logo is reflected on the surface.
›0m›1mSave›0m
  Saves the surface data.
›0m›1mLoad›0m
  Loads surface data.

›0m›1mSettings›0m

Opens the ›3msettings requester›0m for the currently selected object.
On the first page you can set the name, track, position, alignment and size of
an object.
With ›0m›3mTrack›0m you can set the name of an object the object will track to.
This means that the object will always point with it's z direction to the axis
of the track object.

With the second page you can change object settings. The contents of
this page depends on the object type.
  ›3mCamera   ›0m
  ›3mPointight›0m
  ›3mSpotLight›0m
  ›3mMesh     ›0m

›0m›1mCAMERA SETTINGS›0m

With the ›3mcamera settings requester›0m you can set various paramaters, which
influence the camera.

›0m›3mFocal distance›0m and ›0m›3mAperture›0m set the parameters for
›3mDepth of Field›0m. If you select ›0m›3mFocus Track›0m and the camera tracks
to an object the focal distance of the camera is automatically set to the
distance between camera and track.

With the values of ›0m›3mHorizontal›0m and ›0m›3mVertical›0m field of view you
can set the opening angle of the camera lens. If you activate the button
›0m›3mTake VFOV from resolution›0m Scenario calculates the vertical field of
view (VFOV) from the resolution and the horizontal field of view (HFOV). An
Example will demonstrate this. You selected a HFOV of 30 degree and a
resolution of 800x600 pixels. This means that the VFOV is
  600 / 800 * 30 = 22.5 degree.

›0m›1mLIGHT SETTINGS›0m

With the ›3mlight settings requester›0m you can set various paramaters which
influence the light.

›0m›3mColor›0m sets the color of the light source.

›0m›3mFalloff›0m is the distance where the intensity of the light source is
zero. A value of zero disables it.

›0m›3mCast shadows›0m enables the light source to cast shadows.

›0m›3mLens flares›0m enables the ›3mlens flare settings›0m.

›0m›3mVisible light›0m enables the ›3mvisible light settings›0m.

›0m›1mLIGHT SETTINGS›0m

With the ›3mlight settings requester›0m you can set various paramaters which
influence the light.

›0m›3mColor›0m sets the color of the light source.

›0m›3mFalloff›0m is the distance where the intensity of the light source is
zero. A value of zero disables it.

›0m›3mOpening angle›0m sets the opening angle of a spotlightsource in degree.

›0m›3mCast shadows›0m enables the light source to cast shadows.

›0m›3mLens flares›0m enables the ›3mlens flare settings›0m.

›0m›3mVisible light›0m enables the ›3mvisible light settings›0m.

›0m›1mLENS FLARES›0m

With the ›3mlens flare settings›0m you can create and change lens flares.

Lens flares only appear when the light source is visible. They appear on an
axis which runs from the center of the light source through the center of the
screen. The position of the flare is relative to the light source it belongs
to. If the position value is zero, the flare appears at the position of the
light source. Higher values of position move it towards the center of the
screen.
Here are some example values and their meaning:

   0 : flare has the same position as the light source
 100 : flare is in the middle of the screen
 200 : flare is on opposite side of the light source

You can also set position to negative values, so the flare will appear behind
the light source.

The radius of the flare is relative to the horizontal render resolution.
For example: A flare with radius of 20 % renderd with a resolution of 320x200
will have a radius of 0.2*320 = 64 pixels.

›0m›1mType›0m is global to all flares and can be one of the following
identifiers:

Disc
  A flare which looks like a disc
Polygon n
  A flare which looks like a polygon. n is the number of edges.

›0m›1mTilt›0m is also global to all flares and sets the angle the flares
are rotated.

›0m›1mFunction›0m can be one of the following:

Plain
  the color of the flare is uniform
Ring
  the flare looks like a ring
Radial
  varies the color of the flare radial around the flare center

The flares can either be selected by their number with the slider at top
of the requester, or in the display area of the requester by clicking with
the mouse on it.

›0m›1mVISIBLE LIGHT›0m

With the ›3mvisible light settings›0m you can change the appearance of the
light source.

In reality, a light source looks like a star with several spikes getting out
of the center of the light source. Usually there's a halo around it too.

The radius (length of the longest spike) of the star is relative to the
horizontal render resolution (see ›3mLens Flares›0m).

The radius of the halo is relative to the radius of the star itself. A value
of 100 % means, that the halo has the same radius as the star.
The radius of the inner halo is relative to the radius of the outer halo. A
value of 100 % means, that the inner halo has the same radius as the outer
halo.

The range value determines the difference between the longest and the shortes
spike of the star. A value of 0 % means that all spikes have the same length,
whereas 100 % means that the shortest spike has zero length.

The tilt angle rotates the star spikes.

The spike width value is a factor for the width of the spikes. Higher values
generate wider spikes.

›0m›1mHow are the spikes computed ?›0m
The four spikes in the main directions (0, 90, 180, 270 degrees) always have
maximum length. Spikes between them (45, 135, ... degrees for example) are
shorter and again spikes between them are shorter and so on.

If you enable random, the length of the spikes is randomly changed.

›0m›1mMESH SETTINGS›0m

The mesh settings requester is different for external and normal object.

For normal objects the requester looks like ›3mthis›0m.

If ›0m›3mNo phong shading›0m is activated the mesh object is rendered
without soft interpolation of the surface brightness. The object looks
like made of single facetts.

For external objects the requester looks like ›3mthis›0m.

›0m›3mObject filename›0m sets the the name of the external object which is
attached with the mesh object.

If ›0m›3mApply surface to childs›0m is activated the surface of the mesh
object is applied to the surface of the attached external object.

›0m›1mGROUP›0m

Groups the selected objects.

›0m›1mUNGROUP›0m

Ungroups the selected objects.

›0m›1mLOAD›0m

Loads an external object. Currently RayStorm, Imagine, 3DS and RAW objects
are supported. Scenario generates an axis and adds the object as childs of it.

After loading the name of the object file can be changed with the ›3mmesh settings›0m
requester.

›0m›1mSAVE›0m

Saves an object and it's childs in RayStorm object file format. You can only
save objects from the root level of the object tree. This means you cannot
save child objects. You also cannot save external objects.

›0m›1mCREATE›0m

   ›3m Sphere     ›0m
   ›3m Box        ›0m
   ›3m Plane      ›0m
   ›3m Pointlight ›0m
   ›3m Spotlight  ›0m
   ›3m Camera     ›0m

›0m›1mSPHERE›0m

Creates a new sphere at position <0,0,0> with radius 1.

›0m›1mBOX›0m

Creates a new box at position <0,0,0> with the left, bottom, front edge
at <-1,-1,-1> and the right, top, back edge at <1,1,1>.

›0m›1mPLANE›0m

Creates a new plane at position <0,0,0> with the normal pointing in positive
y direction.

›0m›1mPOINTLIGHT›0m

Creates a new point light source at position <0,0,0>.

›0m›1mSPOTLIGHT›0m

Creates a new spot light source at position <0,0,0> with a opening angle of
45 degree pointing in negative y direction.

›0m›1mCAMREA›0m

Creates a new pinhole camera at position <0,0,0> with a horizontal and
vertical field of view of 25 degree witch is pointing in positive z
direction.

›0m›1mMESH›0m

   ›3m Axis             ›0m
   ›3m Cube             ›0m
   ›3m Sphere           ›0m
   ›3m Plane            ›0m
   ›3m Tube             ›0m
   ›3m Cone             ›0m
   ›3m Torus            ›0m

›0m›1mAXIS›0m

Creates a new axis at position <0,0,0> with size <1,1,1>. An axis can be used
to track a camera or a spot lightsource on it.

›0m›1mCUBE›0m

Creates a cube at position <0,0,0>. You can set the size of the cube with a
requester.

›0m›1mSPHERE›0m

Creates a spere at position <0,0,0>. You can set the size, the divisions and
the slices with a requester.

›0m›1mPlane›0m

Creates a plane at position <0,0,0> with normal pointing in positive y-
direction. You can set the divisions with a requester.

›0m›1mTUBE›0m

Creates a tube at position <0,0,0>. You can set the size, the height, the
divisions, the slices and if it's a closed tube with a requester.

›0m›1mCONE›0m

Creates a cone at position <0,0,0>. You can set the size, height, divisions,
slices, and if the cone is closen with a requester.

›0m›1mTORUS›0m

Creates a torus at position <0,0,0>. You can set the inner and outer size, the
division and slices with a requester.

›0m›1mACTIVE CAMERA›0m

You can select the active camera.

›0m›1mBROWSE›0m

Opens the object browser. There are two different selectable behaviours:
- Normal
  View by selecting an entry and pressing the view button.
  Select object with double click.
- Alternative
  View by selecting any entry.
  Select object with double click.
The behaviour is selectable in the ›3mpreferences requester›0m.

›0m›1mPREFS›0m

Opens the preferences requester.

The ›3m'Paths'-page›0m let you set various paths.

›0m›1mViewer›0m
   Sets the path and name of the viewer. This viewer is used to display the
   images generated by RayStorm. The filename of the image is appended to the
   end of the string. You have specify the whole path, for example not
   'multiview' but 'sys:utilities/multiview'.
›0m›1mProject path›0m
   Sets the default path for projects
›0m›1mObject path›0m
   Sets the default path for objects.
›0m›1mTexture path›0m
   Sets the default path for textures.
›0m›1mBrush path›0m
   Sets the default path for brushes.

The ›3m'Flags'-page›0m let you set various flags.

›0m›1mAlternative browser mode›0m
   See ›3mBrowse›0m.
›0m›1mAlways show coordinates›0m
   The 3d coordinates of the mouse pointer are displayed for front, right and
   top. If a object is transformed, the relative coordinates, rotation angles
   or scale fctors are displayed

On the ›3m'Undo'-page›0m you can set undo related
things:

›0m›1mUndo memory kB›0m
   Sets the maximum amount of memory used for undo informations. Old undo
   operations are deleted if the memory limit is reached.

›0m›1mMUI›0m

Opens the MUI preferences.

›0m›1mLOAD›0m

Loads the preferences from a file called 'scenario.prefs'.

›0m›1mSAVE›0m

Saves the preferences to a file called 'scenario.prefs'.

›0m›1mBUTTONS›0m

The first three buttons handle the project management (new, load
and save project.

The next six buttons are for selecting the view (front, right, top,
perspective, quad and camera view).

The following three buttons select the display type. (bounding box,
wireframe and solid display).

After this are six buttons to select the edit mode (move, rotate, scale object
and move, rotate, scale world).

The next three buttons enable the X, Y and Z-axis.

›0m›1mOBJECT MENUS›0m

Sceneario supports object oriented menus. These menus are shown when you click
the right mouse button inside the work area and hold it. Scenario then pops
up a menu. The contents of this menu depends on the object which is found at
this position.

›0m›1mWorld menu›0m

The world menu is shown if you click on a place where no object is placed.
The menu contents follwing points:

Move:       switch to move world
Rotate:     switch to rotate (the virtual camera is rotated around the view
            point (only perspective mode))
Zoom:       zoom in or out
Settings:   opens the general settings requester

›0m›1mObject menu›0m

The object menu pops up if you click on the handle of the object.
The menu contents follwing points:

Move:       switch to mode move object
Rotate:     switch to rotate object (the object is rotated around it's local
            axis)
Scale:      switch to scale object
Settings:   opens the ›3msettings›0m requester
Attributes: opens the surface ›3mattributes›0m
            requester

›0m›1mCamera menu›0m

The camera menu pops up if you click on the handle of a camera
The menu contents follwing points:

Move, Rotate, Scale, Settings: see object menu
Settings:   opens the ›3mcamera settings›0m requester
Active:     sets this camera as the active camera (the scene is viewed with
            this camera)

›0m›1mLight menu›0m

Opens the light popup menu.
The menu contents follwing points:

Move, Rotate, Scale, Settings: see object menu
Settings:   opens the ›3mlight source settings›0m requester

›0m›1mMesh menu›0m

Opens the mesh popup menu.
The menu contents follwing points:

Move, Rotate, Scale, Settings: see object menu
Settings:   opens the ›3mMesh settings›0m requester
Attributes: see object menu
To scene:   convert external to scene objects

›0m›1mKEYBOARD CONTROL›0m

ESC          break redraw
cursor keys  Function depends on the curren edit mode (move, rotate, scale of
             world or object).
DEL          delete selected objects
'+'          zooms in
'-'          zooms out
'm'          switches to move object action
'r'          switches to rotate object action
's'          switches to scale object action
'M'          switches to move world action
'R'          switches to rotate world action
'S'          switches to scale world action
't'          opens settings requester
'1'          switches to front view
'2'          switches to right view
'3'          switches to top view
'4'          switches to perspective view
'5'          switches to quad view
'6'          switches to camera view
'b'          toggles box selection mode
'x'          enable x axis
'y'          enable y axis
'z'          enable z axis

'F1'         render settings

'R-Amiga' - '.'   Center view

›0m›1mTIPS & TRICKS›0m

›0m›1mGeneral›0m
- RayStorm renders faster if you don't use planes, because intersections
  with planes cannot be calculated with the octree (helpfull in scenes with
  motion blur or soft shadows).

›0m›1mScenario›0m

- ›0m›1mI have problems with the screen refresh, the scene is only refreshed
  behind the requester!›0m
  Open the ›3mMUI-settings›0m requester and select from the window
  part for "Refresh" the "Smart"-mode.
- ›0m›1mHow can I change the texture and brush names without removing and adding
  them again?›0m
  Select ›3mView->Show->Show Textures›0m or ›3mView->Show->Show Brushes›0m
  and select the texture or brush. Now open the ›3msettings-requester›0m and change
  the name of the brush or texture.
- ›0m›1mHow can I change the name of an Imagine/3DS/RAW-object without deleting
  and reloding it?›0m
  Select ›3mSettings›0m from the object menu of the parent axis. Here you
  can change the name of the object.
- ›0m›1mHow can I load my old Imagine attribute files to use it for RayStorm
  objects?›0m
  Load the attributes file with ›3mload object›0m. You will get an axis
  named 'Mesh' with another axis attached to it. The surface of this axis is set
  to the attributes of the file. Click with the right mouse button to the parent
  axis and select ›3mTo scene›0m. The parent axis is no deleted
  and can now open the attributes requester for the child axis. Select save from
  the ›3mattributes requester›0m and save the surface as a RayStorm material file.
- ›0m›1mIf I apply a checker texture to a plane looks noisy!›0m
  If the texture is exactly on the plane, the color of the texture jumps
  between black and white because of rounding errors. Try to move the texture
  axis a little (e.g. 0.02) away from the plane.

›0m›1mRayStorm Script›0m
- The commands '›3mTEXTUREPATH›0m', '›3mOBJECTPATH›0m' and '›3mBRUSHPATH›0m' are relative
  to the directory RayStorm is started from.
- If RayStorm crashes with scenes with reflections and transparence, try
  to start RayStorm with a larger stack (e.g. 8192 bytes or more).

›0m›1mAREXX INTERFACE›0m

   ›3mIntroduction›0m
   ›3mAddress     ›0m
   ›3mParameters  ›0m
   ›3mCommands    ›0m
   ›3mErrors      ›0m

›0m›1mAREXX INTRODUCTION›0m

RayStorm is completly controled through it's ARexx interface. We recommend
that you have a look at the ›3mtuturials›0m and the ›3mexample›0m
script files in the 'ARexx' directory.
These examples cover most of the features of RayStorm. Further encourage you
to create your own files and make them available for the public. You can send
them to us and we might add them as an example files in the next version of
RayStorm or we include them to our ›3mHomepage›0m.
In one of the next versions of RayStorm we'll create a more powerful
language, which has a similar syntax to C++.

It's the same if you write the the commands in upper case or lower case.
But it's important to enclose all commans in quotes because ARexx tries
to interpret the line before it sends it to ARexx. It may happen that the
line is changed and RayStorm don't do this what you want.

A typical structure of a scene file is:

/* title, comments, ... */

/* setting resolution, world, camera, lightsources */
'SETSCREEN 160 128'
'SETWORLD [0,0,0] [40,40,40]'
'SETCAMERA <0,0,80> <0,0,0> <0,1,0> 25 20'
'POINTLIGHT <10,-10,100> [255,255,255] SHADOW'

/* define surfaces and actors */
'NEWSURFACE TEST1'
'AMBIENT [255,0,0]'
'DIFFUSE [255,0,0]'
'SPECULAR [255,255,255]'

'NEWSURFACE TEST2'
'AMBIENT [0,0,255]'

/* creating objects */
'SPHERE TEST1 <0,0,0> 10'
'SPHERE TEST2 <0,0,0> 10'

/* finally start to render the scene */
'STARTRENDER'

/* save the image */
'SAVEPIC "test.iff"'

'CLEANUP'

›0m›1mADDRESS›0m

The ARexx-address of RayStorm is 'RAYSTORM'.

›0m›1mAREXX PARAMETERS›0m

The parameters of a command can be FLOATs, INTEGERs, VECTORs, COLORs,
STRINGs, and IDENTIFIERs.

FLOAT     An FLOAT is a floating point number with single precision

NUMBER    A NUMBER is a simple integer number

VECTOR    A VECTOR is embedded in '<' '>' and consists of three FLOATs

COLOR     A COLOR is embedded in '[' ']' and consists of three INTEGERs
          which range normally from 0 to 255, but you can also set negative
          values or values above of 255.

STRING    A STRING consists of characters

KEYWORD   An KEYWORD is a switch and consists of uppercase characters

›0m›1mPARAMETER CONVENTIONS›0m
  /S - Switch.
  /N - Number.
  /A - Required.

  All other numeric parameters are floating point numbers.

›0m›1mAREXX COMMANDS›0m

   ›3m General         ›0m
   ›3m Objects         ›0m
   ›3m Attributes      ›0m
   ›3m Animation       ›0m

›0m›1mAlphabetically sorted›0m

›0m›1m-A-›0m
  ›3mALIGNMENT  ›0m
  ›3mAMBIENT    ›0m
  ›3mANTIALIAS  ›0m
›0m›1m-B-›0m
  ›3mBOX        ›0m
  ›3mBRUSH      ›0m
  ›3mBRUSHPATH  ›0m
›0m›1m-C-›0m
  ›3mCLEANUP    ›0m
  ›3mCSG        ›0m
›0m›1m-D-›0m
  ›3mDIFFTRANS  ›0m
  ›3mDIFFUSE    ›0m
  ›3mDISPLAY    ›0m
  ›3mDISTRIB    ›0m
›0m›1m-F-›0m
  ›3mFLARE      ›0m
  ›3mFOGLEN     ›0m
›0m›1m-G-›0m
  ›3mGETERRORSTR›0m
›0m›1m-I-›0m
  ›3mIMTEXTURE  ›0m
›0m›1m-L-›0m
  ›3mLOADOBJ    ›0m
›0m›1m-N-›0m
  ›3mNEWSURFACE ›0m
›0m›1m-O-›0m
  ›3mOBJECTPATH ›0m
›0m›1m-P-›0m
  ›3mPLANE      ›0m
  ›3mPOINTLIGHT ›0m
  ›3mPOSITION   ›0m
›0m›1m-Q-›0m
  ›3mQUIT       ›0m
›0m›1m-R-›0m
  ›3mREFEXP     ›0m
  ›3mREFLECT    ›0m
  ›3mREFRINDEX  ›0m
›0m›1m-S-›0m
  ›3mSAVEPIC    ›0m
  ›3mSETCAMERA  ›0m
  ›3mSETSCREEN  ›0m
  ›3mSETWORLD   ›0m
  ›3mSIZE       ›0m
  ›3mSPECTRANS  ›0m
  ›3mSPECULAR   ›0m
  ›3mSPHERE     ›0m
  ›3mSPOTLIGHT  ›0m
  ›3mSTAR       ›0m
  ›3mSTARTRENDER›0m
›0m›1m-T-›0m
  ›3mTEXTUREPATH›0m
  ›3mTRANSEXP   ›0m
  ›3mTRANSLUC   ›0m
  ›3mTRANSPAR   ›0m
  ›3mTRIANGLE   ›0m
›0m›1m-W-›0m
  ›3mWINTOFRONT ›0m

›0m›1mGENERAL AREXX-COMMANDS›0m

›3mANTIALIAS  ›0m  sets antialiasing parameters
›3mBRUSHPATH  ›0m  sets brush path
›3mCLEANUP    ›0m  cleanups scene
›3mDISPLAY    ›0m  displays scene
›3mDISTRIB    ›0m  sets parameters for distributive sampling
›3mFLARE      ›0m  add a flare to a lightsource
›3mGETERRORSTR›0m  gets a error string for a given number
›3mOBJECTPATH ›0m  sets object path
›3mPOINTLIGHT ›0m  creates point lightsource
›3mQUIT       ›0m  quits RayStorm
›3mSAVEPIC    ›0m  saves rendered picture
›3mSETCAMERA  ›0m  sets camera parameters
›3mSETSCREEN  ›0m  sets screen parameters
›3mSETWORLD   ›0m  sets world parameters
›3mSPOTLIGHT  ›0m  creates spot lightsource
›3mSTAR       ›0m  add a light star to a lightsource
›3mSTARTRENDER›0m  starts rendering
›3mTEXTUREPATH›0m  sets texture path
›3mWINTOFRONT ›0m  brings window to front

›0m›1mANTIALIAS›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SAMPLES/N/A,WIDTH,CONTRIB
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 NUMBER SAMPLES
   squareroot of number of samples per pixel (max. 8)
 FLOAT WIDTH
   width of gaussian filter. The range is infinite but values between 1 and
   3 are recommended.
 COLOR CONTRIB
   max. allowed contrast
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets antialiasing parameters (see ›3mAntialiasing›0m)
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 ANTIALIAS 1 1.3 [51,38,76]

›0m›1mBRUSHPATH›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 PATH/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING PATH
   pathname
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Defines the path where to search brushes. More than one path may be included
 as long as they are separated by semi-colons.
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 BRUSHPATH 'path1;path2'

›0m›1mCLEANUP›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 none
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 none
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Deletes all defined objects, lightsources, surfaces and actors

›0m›1mDISPLAY›0m

›0m›1m!!! CAUTION !!!
THIS COMMAND ISN'T RELEASED IN THIS VERSION YET
!!! CAUTION !!!›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 FLOYD/S
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 KEYWORD FLOYD/S
   dither with Floyd-Steinberg algorithm
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Displays rendered pic on screen

›0m›1mDISTRIB›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SAMPLES/N,SOFTSHADOW/N
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 NUMBER SAMPLES/N
   squareroot of number of samples per pixel for motionblur
 NUMBER SOFTSHADOW/N
   squareroot of number of samples per pixel for softshadows
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets number of samples per pixel for distributive sampling (used for

›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 DISTRIB 1,1

›0m›1mGETERRORSTR›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 ERRNUM/N/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 NUMBER ERRNUM
   error number
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Returns the error string for the given error number

›0m›1mOBJECTPATH›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 PATH/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 PATH
   pathname
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Defines the path where to search objects. More than one path may be included
 as long as they are separated by semi-colons.
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 OBJECTPATH 'path1;path2'

›0m›1mPOINTLIGHT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 POS/A,COLOR,SIZE,SHADOW/S,ACTOR,FALLOFF,NOSTAR/S,NOFLARES/S
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 VECTOR POS
   position of pointlight
 COLOR COLOR
   color of light
 VECTOR SIZE
   size of light source (used for ›3msoft shadows›0m)
 KEYWORD SHADOW
   lightsource casts shadows
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
 FLOAT FALLOFF
   distance where the brightness of the light is zero
 KEYWORD NOSTAR
   disable light star
 KEYWORD NOFLARES
   disable lens flares
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a point lightsource. The lightsource casts shadows, if the keyword SHADOW is given
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 POINTLIGHT <0,0,0> [255,255,255] 0 ?? ?? 0

›0m›1mQUIT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 none
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 none
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Quits Raystrom

›0m›1mSAVEPIC›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,FORMAT
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   the picture is saved under that name
 STRING FORMAT
   image format (TGA, PNG, ILBM; default ILBM)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Saves rendered picture 24-Bit IFF-ILBM-file, 24 Bit TGA or as PNG file. If
 an error occures the command returns an error string.
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 SAVEPIC 'path\name with extension'

›0m›1mSETCAMERA›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 POS/A,VIEWPOINT,VIEWUP,FOVX,FOVY,FOCALDIST,APERTURE,POSACTOR,VIEWACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 VECTOR POS
   position of camera
 VECTOR VIEWPOINT
   position to which the camera point to
 VECTOR VIEWUP
   view up vector
 FLOAT FOVX, FOVY
   field of view (in degree) (20 degree creates camera like Imagine
   default camera)
 FLOAT FOCALDIST
   distance from eye to focal plane
 FLOAT APERTURE
   aperture width (0 = pinhole) (-> ›3mdepth of field›0m)
 STRING POSACTOR
   name of position actor
 STRING VIEWACTOR
   name of look_at_actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the parameters of the camera
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SETCAMERA <0,0,-10> <0,0,0> <0,1,0>  45 45 1. 0.

›0m›1mSETSCREEN›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 RESX/N/A,RESY/N/A,COLORS/N
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 NUMBER RESX, RESY
   resolution
 NUMBER COLORS
   number of colors (not yet implemented)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the resolution of the rendered picture. Note that in the demo-version
 the resolution is limited to 160x128!
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SETSCREEN 128 128

›0m›1mSETWORLD›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 BACK/A,AMBIENT,RANDJIT/S,BACKDROP,FOGLEN,FOGHEIGHT,FOGCOLOR,REFLMAP
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR BACK
   backgroundcolor
 COLOR AMBIENT
   ambientcolor
 KEYWORD RANDJIT
  use random jitter for ›3mdepth of field›0m and ›3msoft shadows›0m
 STRING BACKDROP
   name of backdrop picture
 FLOAT FOGLEN
   global fog length
 FLOAT FOGHEIGHT
   highest fog y-coordinate
 COLOR FOGCOLOR
   fogcolor
 STRING REFLMAP
   name of reflection map
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets world parameters. The backdrop picture is automatically scaled to
 the screen resolution.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SETWORLD [0,0,0] [0,0,0] ?? 32 0 [255,255,255] ??

›0m›1mSPOTLIGHT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 POS/A,COLOR,LOOKPOINT,ANGLE,SIZE,SHADOW/S,ACTOR,LOOKP_ACTOR,FALLOFF,NOSTAR/S,NOFLARES/S
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 VECTOR POS
   position of the spotlight
 COLOR COLOR
   color of light
 VECTOR LOOKPOINT
   point to which the spotlight shines at
 FLOAT ANGLE
   opening angel (in degree max. 180)
 FLOAT SIZE
   size of light source (used for ›3msoft shadows›0m)
 KEYWORD SHADOW
   lightsource cats shadows
 STRING ACTOR
   name of position actor
 STRING LOOKP_ACTOR
   name of look_at_actor
 FLOAT FALLOFF
   distance where the brightness of the light is zero
 KEYWORD NOSTAR
   disable light star
 KEYWORD NOFLARES
   disable lens flares
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a spotlight. The rays emitted from a spotlight are constrained
 by a cone. The LOOKPOINT vector gives the center of the illuminated area.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SPOTLIGHT <0,0,0> [255,255,255] <0,0,1> 45 0 ?? ?? ?? 0

›0m›1mFLARE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 POS/A,RADIUS/A,COLOR,TYPE,FUNCTION,EDGES/N,TILT
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT POS
   position of flare on light axis (in percent)
 FLOAT RADIUS
   radius of flare (in percent)
 COLOR COLOR
   color of flare
 KEYWORD TYPE [DISC|POLYGON]
  type of flare
 KEYWORD FUNCTION [PLAIN|RING|RADIAL]
   look of flare
 NUMBER EDGES
   number of edges of polygonal flare (3 - 8 edges possible)
 FLOAT TILT
   tilt angle of flare (only useful when polygonal flare)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 A new lens flare is added to the last defined light source. Lens flares only
 appear when the light source is visible. They appear on an axis which runs
 from the center of the light source through the center of the screen. The
 position of the flare is relative to the light source it belongs to. If the
 position value is zero, the flare appears at the position of the light source.
 Greater values of pos move it towards the center of the screen. Here a some
 example values and their meaning:

   0 : flare has the same position as the light source
 100 : flare is in the middle of the screen
 200 : flare is on opposite side of the light source

 You can also set pos to negative values, so the flare will appear behind the
 light source.

 The radius of the flare is relative to the horizontal render resolution.
 For example: A flare with radius of 20 % renderd with a resolution of 320x200
 will have a radius of 0.2*320 = 64 pixels.

 ›0m›1mtype›0m can be one of the following identifiers:

 DISC
   A flare which looks like a disc
 POLYGON
   A flare which looks like a polygon. The number of edges can be set with
   edges.

 ›0m›1mfunction›0m can be one of the following identifiers:

 PLAIN
   the color of the flare is uniform
 RING
   the flare looks like a ring
 RADIAL
   varies the color of the flare radial around the flare center
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 FLARE 50 10 [50,50,50] DISC PLAIN 5 0

›0m›1mSTAR›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SPIKES,RADIUS,HALORADIUS,INNERHALORADIUS,RANGE,RANDOM_SEED/N,SPIKEWIDTH,TILT
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 NUMBER SPIKES
   number of spikes (4 - 256)
 FLOAT RADIUS
   radius of star (in percent)
 FLOAT HALORADIUS
   radius of star halo (in percent relative to star radius)
 FLOAT INNERHALORADIUS
   radius of inner star halo (in percent relative to halo radius)
 FLOAT RANGE
   range between shortest and longest spike (in percent)
 NUMBER RANDOM_SEED
   Random seed value (0-32767)
 FLOAT SPIKEWIDTH
   width factor of spikes
 FLOAT TILT
   tilt angle of spikes
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 This command makes a light source visible. In reality, a light source looks
 like a star with several spikes getting out of the center of the light source.
 Usually there's a halo around it too.

 The radius (length of the longest spike) of the star is relative to the
 horizontal render resolution (see ›3mFLARE›0m).

 The radius of the halo is relative to the radius of the star itself. A value
 of 100 % means, that the halo has the same radius as the star.
 The radius of the inner halo is relative to the radius of the outer halo. A
 value of 100 % means, that the inner halo has the same radius as the outer
 halo.

 The range value determines the difference between the longest and the shortes
 spike of the star. A value of 0 % means that all spikes have the same length,
 whereas 100 % means that the shortest spike has zero length.

 The spike width value is a factor for the width of the spikes. Higher values
 generate wider spikes.

 ›0m›1mHow are the spikes computed ?›0m
 The four spikes in the main directions (0, 90, 180, 270 degrees) always have
 maximum length. Spikes between them (45, 135, ... degrees for example) are
 shorter and again spikes between them are shorter and so on.

 If you specify a value for random_seed, the length of the spikes is randomly
 changed.

›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 STAR 4 30 20 40 0 0 0.008

›0m›1mSTARTRENDER›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 QUICK/S,DEPTH/N,FROM,TO,LEFT/N,TOP/N,RIGHT/N,BOTTOM/N,MINOBJECTS/N
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 KEYWORD QUICK
   render quick (no shadows, reflections and transparency)
 NUMBER DEPTH
   depth of generated ›3moctree›0m
 FLOAT FROM,TO
   time code (default 0,0). If you want ›3mmotion blur›0m you have to
   set FROM and TO to different values, else only set FROM.
 NUMBER LEFT,TOP,RIGHT,BOTTOM
   coordinates for rendering box. Picture is renderd only inside of
   rectangle.
 NUMBER MINOBJECTS
   minimum amount of objects for which no octree is generated
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Starts rendering process. If you set QUICK shadows, reflections and
 transparency are not calculated. In very complex scenes it is useful to
 increase the octree depth in order to reach a better performance during
 the rendering process. But this can only be done with enough memory!
 Here are values for the file "chess.ray" renderd with a resolution of
 160x128 on a A4000 with 25Mhz 68030 and 57MHz 68882:

 depth  memory [MByte]  init [mm:ss]  cleanup [mm:ss]  render [mm:ss]  total [mm:ss]
   2          1.38         00:12           00:02           09:24          09:38
   3          1.13         00:14           00:04           03:58          04:16
   4          1.55         00:22           00:08           01:50          02:20
   5          2.35         00:41           00:26           01:15          02:22
   6          5.70         01:35           02:38           01:06          05:19

›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 STARTRENDER QUICK 3 0 0

›0m›1mTEXTUREPATH›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 PATH/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 PATH
   pathname (format: 'path1;path2;...;pathn')
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Defines the path where to search textures. More than one path may be included
 as long as they are separated by semi-colons.
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 TEXTUREPATH 'path1;path2'

›0m›1mWINTOFRONT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 none
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 none
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Brings RayStorm window in front

›0m›1mAREXX-COMMANDS FOR CREATING OBJECTS›0m

›3mBOX     ›0m  creates a box
›3mCSG     ›0m  creates a CSG object
›3mLOADOBJ ›0m  loads an Imagine TDDD-file
›3mPLANE   ›0m  creates a plane (ground in Imagine)
›3mSPHERE  ›0m  creates a sphere
›3mTRIANGLE›0m  creates a triangle

›0m›1mBOX›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SURF/A,POS/A,LOWBOUNDS,HIGHBOUNDS,ALIGN,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING SURF
   name of surface
 VECTOR POS
   center of box
 VECTOR LOWBOUNDS
   left, front, bottom edge relative to position
 VECTOR HIGHBOUNDS
   right, back, top edge relative to position
 VECTOR ALIGN
   alignment of box in degree
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a box
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 BOX ?? <0,0,0> <-1,-1,-1> <1,1,1> <0,0,0> ??

›0m›1mCSG›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 OPERATION
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 KEYWORD OPERATION [UNION|INTERSECTION|DIFFERENCE]
   the operation for this CSG object
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a new CSG object. The next two objects which are define after this
 command are take for the CSG object. Valid objects are SPHERE, BOX and
 a CSG object again.
 For more information see ›3mthis›0m chapter.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 CSG UNION
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 CSG DIFFERENCE
  CSG INTERSECTION
   SPHERE surf1 <-.5,0,0> 1
   SPHERE surf2 <-.5,0,0> 1
  BOX surf3 <0,0,0> <-2,-.5,-.5> <2,.5,.5>

›0m›1mLOADOBJ›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,POS,ALIGN,SCALE,ACTOR,SURFACE
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   filename
 VECTOR POS
   position
 VECTOR ALIGN
   alignment (in degrees)
 VECTOR SCALE
   size factor
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
 STRING SURFACE
   name of surface to replace object surface
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Loads an
  - Imagine TDDD-file
     loads attributes, triangles (with correct handling of sharp edges),
     perfect spheres, planes, brushes and textures
  - Autodesk 3D-Studio file
     loads attributes, triangles and generates sharp edges
 If you specify a surface, all surfaces of the object will have that surface
 (overriding any surfaces defined in the object file).

 ›0m›1mWhere to get Imagine object files?›0m
 Look on FTP-servers which support AMINET. For example try out
  ftp.uni-paderborn.de
  Path: ftp/aminet/pub/gfx/3dobj/
 ›0m›1mWhere to get 3D-Studio object files?›0m
 Try out these WWW-Pages:
 For Star wars fans: http://www.loop.com/~hhc/
 Mesh Mart: http://cedar.cic.net/~rtilmann/mm/index.htm
 Objects Archive: http://sunserver1.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de/~pannozzo/3ds.html
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 LOADOBJ ??? <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1>

›0m›1mPLANE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SURF/A,POS,NORM,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING SURF
   name of surface
 VECTOR POS
   position
 VECTOR NORM
   normal of the plane
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates an infinite plane.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 PLANE ??? <0,0,0> <0,1,0>

›0m›1mSPHERE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SURF/A,POS/A,RADIUS/A,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING SURF
   name of surface
 VECTOR POS
   center of sphere
 FLOAT RADIUS
   radius of sphere
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a sphere
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SPHERE ?? <0,0,0> 1

›0m›1mTRIANGLE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 SURF/A,P1/A,P2/A,P3/A,N1,N2,N3,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING SURF
   name of surface
 VECTOR P1
   first corner
 VECTOR P2
   second corner
 VECTOR P3
   third corner
 VECTOR N1
   normal at first corner
 VECTOR N2
   normal at second corner
 VECTOR N3
   normal at third corner
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a triangle with corners at position P1, P2 and P3. If you specify
 the normals, a phong shaded triangle otherwise a flat triangle is created.
 Computing the normals by hand is a difficult task, and should be done by
 utility programs.

›0m›1mAREXX-COMMANDS FOR SETTING ATTRIBUTES›0m

Every object must have a surface definition. With the following commands
you can set the attributes of a surface. First you have to define the
current surface with 'NEWSURFACE <name>'. Raystorm will set the attributes
of the new surface to default values. Every following command such as
AMBIENT or DIFFTRANS refers to the current surface and will override
the corresponding default values.

The following examples define two surfaces:

NEWSURFACE RED
AMBIENT [255,0,0]
DIFFUSE [255,0,0]

NEWSURFACE WATER
DIFFUSE [0,0,255]
REFRINDEX 1.333

List of surface commands:
›3mNEWSURFACE›0m  creates a new surface
›3mAMBIENT   ›0m  sets ambient color
›3mBRUSH     ›0m  adds a brush
›3mDIFFTRANS ›0m  sets diffuse transmission color
›3mDIFFUSE   ›0m  sets diffuse color
›3mFOGLEN    ›0m  sets the foglength
›3mIMTEXTURE ›0m  adds a Imagine texture
›3mREFEXP    ›0m  sets the specular reflection exponent
›3mREFLECT   ›0m  sets the specular reflectivity
›3mREFRINDEX ›0m  sets the index of refraction
›3mSPECTRANS ›0m  sets the specular transmission
›3mSPECULAR  ›0m  sets the specular color
›3mTRANSEXP  ›0m  sets the specular transmission exponent
›3mTRANSLUC  ›0m  sets the specular transmittance
›3mTRANSPAR  ›0m  sets the diffuce transmittance

›0m›1mAMBIENT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the ambient color of surface. Determines the color of the object in
 sections, which are in shadow.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 AMBIENT [255,255,255]

›0m›1mBRUSH›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,TYPE/A,WRAP/A,POS/A,ALIGN/A,SIZE/A,REPEAT/S,MIRROR/S,SOFT/S,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   filename of brush
 KEYWORD TYPE [COLOR|REFLECT|FILTER|ALTITUDE|SPECULAR]
   type of brush
 KEYWORD WRAP [FLAT|WRAPX|WRAPY|WRAPXY]
   brush wrapping method
 VECTOR POS
   position
 VECTOR ALIGN
   alignment
 VECTOR SIZE
   size of brush
 KEYWORD REPEAT
   if set, brush is repeated like a tile
 KEYWORD MIRROR
   if set, brush is mirrord (when REPEAT is specified)
 KEYWORD SOFT
   if set, brush color is interpolated softly
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Adds a brush to surface definition. A brush is a bitmap which is wrapped
 around an  object. The specified file will be searched for in the current
 directory. If it wasn't found there and a ›3mBRUSHPATH›0m
 be searched there.
 If an error occures the command returns an error string. Supported formats
 are: IFF-ILBM, PNG, TGA and Datatypes.

 Constants for type:
 COLOR
  Replaces the surface color of the object with the image (sets ›3mDIFFUSE›0m and
  ›3mAMBIENT›0m color).
 REFLECT
  Map covers the surface and reflects environment (see ›3mREFLECT›0m)).
 FILTER
  Uses the white color to pass colors and the black area to hold back color
  with a variance between two colors (like with ›3mTRANSPAR›0m).
 ALTITUDE
  The red values of the brush are used to give the surface an appearence of
  bumpiness.
 SPECULAR
  The rgb values set the specular color of the surface (see ›3mSPECULAR›0m).

 Constants for wrap :
 FLAT
  The brush is projected to X-Y plane, the axis is in the middle of the
  brush area, length is the distance from the middle to the border.
 WRAPX
  The brush is wrapped around the x-axis, like on a cylinder. The left edge
  of the brush begins at the posititve X axis and wraps the brush around
  the cylinder from 'west' to 'east'.
 WRAPY
  Same as WRAPX, but wrapping is around the y-axis.
 WRAPXY
  Wrapping both: around X and Y axis. It is assumed, that the object is a
  sphere. The Y axis is the north/south pole of the spherical mapping. The
  left edge of the brush begins at the positive X axis and wraps the brush
  around the sphere from 'west' to 'east'. The brush covers the sphere
  exactly once.
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 BRUSH "earth.iff" COLOR, WRAPXY <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <0.1,0.1,0.1>

›0m›1mDIFFTRANS›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the diffuse transmission color of surface. Same as diffuse reflection,
 but only used if the lightsource is on opposite side of surface. Only
 applied if tranlucency is not set to zero.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 DIFFTRANS [0,0,0]

›0m›1mDIFFUSE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the diffuse color of surface. The diffuse reflection falls off as
 the cosine of the angle between the normal and the ray to the light.
 Diffuse reflection determines the main color of the object (color in
 Imagine).
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 DIFFUSE [255,255,255]

›0m›1mFOGLEN›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 VALUE/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT VALUE/A
   foglength
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the foglength of the surface. The fog color is set with ›3mTRANSPAR›0m.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 FOGLEN 0

›0m›1mIMTEXTURE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,POS,ALIGN,SIZE,P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10,P11,P12,P13,P14,P15,P16,ACTOR
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   name of Imagine texture file
 VECTOR POS
   position
 VECTOR ALIGN
   alignment
 VECTOR SIZE
   size of texture axis
 FLOAT P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10,P11,P12,P13,P14,P15,P16
   texture parameters
 STRING ACTOR
   name of actor
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Adds a Imagine texture to surface
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 defaults are taken from texture if not all paramters are given
›0m›1mExample:›0m
 IMTEXTURE "checker.itx" <0.1,0.1,0.1> <0,0,0> <2,2,2>

›0m›1mNEWSURFACE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,BRIGHT/S
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   name
 KEYWORD BRIGHT
   if set, the brightness of the surface is everywhere the same
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Defines a new surface.

›0m›1mREFEXP›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 VALUE/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT VALUE
   specular reflection exponent
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular reflection exponent of surface. Determines the size of
 the specularly reflected highlights, the higher the smaller the highlight
 (hardness in Imagine).
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 REFEXP 12.

›0m›1mREFLECT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular reflectivity of surface
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 REFLECT [0,0,0]

›0m›1mREFRINDEX›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 VALUE/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT VALUE
   index of refraction
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the index of refraction of surface. Determines how the ray is refracted
 through transparent objects, the higher the more (index of refraction in
 Imagine).
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 REFRINDEX 1.
›0m›1mExamples:›0m
 MATERIAL                      Index
 -------------------------------------
 Vacuum ...................... 1.00000 (exactly)

 Air (STP).................... 1.00029
 Acetone ..................... 1.36
 Alcohol ..................... 1.329
 Amorphous Selenium .......... 2.92
 Calspar1 .................... 1.66
 Calspar2 .................... 1.486
 Carbon Disulfide ............ 1.63
 Chromium Oxide .............. 2.705
 Copper Oxide ................ 2.705
 Crown Glass ................. 1.52
 Crystal ..................... 2.00
 Diamond ..................... 2.417
 Emerald ..................... 1.57
 Ethyl Alcohol ............... 1.36
 Flourite .................... 1.434
 Fused Quartz ................ 1.46
 Heaviest Flint Glass ........ 1.89
 Heavy Flint Glass ........... 1.65
 Glass ....................... 1.5
 Ice ......................... 1.309
 Iodine Crystal .............. 3.34
 Lapis Lazuli ................ 1.61
 Light Flint Glass ........... 1.575
 Liquid Carbon Dioxide ....... 1.20
 Polystyrene ................. 1.55
 Quartz 1 .................... 1.644
 Quartz 2 .................... 1.553
 Ruby ........................ 1.77
 Sapphire .................... 1.77
 Sodium Chloride (Salt) 1 .... 1.544
 Sodium Chloride (Salt) 2 .... 1.644
 Sugar Solution (30%) ........ 1.38
 Sugar Solution (80%) ........ 1.49
 Topaz ....................... 1.61
 Water (20 C) ................ 1.333
 Zinc Crown Glass ............ 1.517

›0m›1mSPECTRANS›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular transmission color of surface. Same as specular
 reflection, but only used if the lightsource is on opposite side of
 surface. Only applied if tranlucency is not 0.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SPECTRANS [255,255,255]

›0m›1mSPECULAR›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular color of surface. Specularly reflected highlights fall
 off as the cosine of the angle between the reflected ray and the ray to the
 light source (specular in Imagine).
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 SPECULAR [255,255,255]

›0m›1mTRANSEXP›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 VALUE/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT VALUE
   specular transmission exponent
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular transmission exponent of surface. Same as specular
 reflection exponent, but only used if the lightsource is on opposite
 side of surface.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 TRANSEXP 12.

›0m›1mTRANSLUC›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 VALUE/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT VALUE
   specular transmittance
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the specular transmittance of surface
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 TRANSLUC 0

›0m›1mTRANSPAR›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 COLOR/A
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 COLOR COLOR
   color
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the diffuse transmittance of surface
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 TRANSPAR [0,0,0]

   ›0m›1mAREXX-COMMANDS FOR ANIMATION CONTROL›0m

›3mALIGNMENT›0m  sets alignment
›3mNEWACTOR ›0m  creates a new actor
›3mPOSITION ›0m  sets position
›3mSIZE     ›0m  sets size

›0m›1mALIGNMENT›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 FROM/A,TO/A,ALIGN/A,TYPE
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT FROM,TO
   time interval
 VECTOR ALIGN
   alignment at the end of the interval
 KEYWORD TYPE [LINEAR]
   interpolation type (currently only linear)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the alignment of the object. At time to, the actor will have this
 alignment.
 'TYPE' can be one of the following identifiers:
   LINEAR  the object moves on a straight line between the positions
   SPLINE  the object moves on a spline curve between the positions. (NOT
           IMPLEMENTED YET)

›0m›1mNEWACTOR›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 NAME/A,POS,ALIGN,SIZE
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 STRING NAME
   name of actor
 VECTOR POS
   initial position of actor
 VECTOR ALIGN
   initial alignment (in degrees)
 VECTOR SIZE
   initial size
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Creates a new actor. Usually a NEWACTOR definition is followed by one or more
 POSITION, ALIGNMENT, SIZE commands which define the properties of the actor
 at a certain time.
 For more information on NEWACTOR, please click ›3mhere›0m.
›0m›1mDefault:›0m
 NEWACTOR ??? <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1>

›0m›1mPOSITION›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 FROM/A,TO/A,POS/A,TYPE
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT FROM,TO
   time interval
 VECTOR POS
   position at the end of the interval
 KEYWORD TYPE [LINEAR]
   interpolation type (currently only linear)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the position of the object. At time to, the actor will be at this
 position.
 'TYPE' can be one of the following identifiers:
   LINEAR  the object moves on a straight line between the positions
   SPLINE  the object moves on a spline curve between the positions. (NOT
           IMPLEMENTED YET)

   ›0m›1mSIZE›0m

›0m›1mTemplate:›0m
 FROM/A,TO/A,SIZE/A,TYPE
›0m›1mArguments:›0m
 FLOAT FROM,TO
   time interval
 SIZE
   size at the end of the interval
 KEYWORD TYPE [LINEAR]
   interpolation type (currently only linear)
›0m›1mDescription:›0m
 Sets the size of the object. At time to, the actor will have this size.
 'TYPE' can be one of the following identifiers:
   LINEAR  the object moves on a straight line between the positions
   SPLINE  the object moves on a spline curve between the positions. (NOT
           IMPLEMENTED YET)

›0m›1mWHAT IS AN ACTOR?›0m

The statement:

NEWACTOR name, position, alignment, size

defines a "virtual object" that can be associated with "real" objects,
including the Camera and  the Lights objects.  Position, alignment, and
size values are the initial values of an actor.

The object that is associated with a named actor behaves exactly like the
actor. When the actor is sized, rotated, or moved; the associted object is
sized, rotated, or moved accordingly.  It is as though the actor and the
object that is associated with it are connected by a rod.

While the coordinates of the object that is associated with an actor are
always defined in an absolute way in reference to the set world; its
movements - when associated with an actor - takes place with respect to
the coordinates of the actor.  The coordinates of the actor are defined in
the NEWACTOR statment and can have default values.

The position, alignment, and size values that follow the NEWACTOR statement
are the final values of an actor.  By defining time from and to values, a time
increment is defined by which the actor is resized, rotated, or moved from
the initial values to the final values.  By associating objects to an actor,
and rendering a picture at a particular time, or through a period of time,
animation and/or motion blur effects are achieved.

›0m›1mAREXX-ERRORS›0m

These values are returned when something went wrong, you can get the
error string with the command ›3mGETERRORSTR›0m.

›0m›1mApplication and parser errors›0m

Here are the errors returned from the command parser and the application
itself.

100   Wrong screen resolution
      Both components of the screen resolution have to be higher than one.
101   Not enough memory
      Allocation of memory failed.
102   Limitations of demo version reached
      The demo version is limited to a resolution of 160x128.
103   Unknown brush mapping type
      You specified an unknown mapping method for the ›3mBRUSH›0m command.
104   Unknown brush wrapping method
      You specified an unknown wrapping method for the ›3mBRUSH›0m command.
105   Invalid time intervall
      One component of a time intervall was negative or the beginning time
      was later than the end.
106   Unknown interpolation method
      You specified an unknown interpolation method for the ›3mPOSITION›0m,
      ›3mALIGNMENT›0m or ›3mSIZE›0m command.
107   No picture renderd
      There is no picture for ›3mSAVEPIC›0m to save because you renderd none
      or called ›3mCLEANUP›0m before.
108   Can't open screen
      The ›3mDISPLAY›0m command was unable to open the screen
      (!!! THIS COMMAND ISN'T RELEASED IN THIS VERSION YET !!!).
109   Can't open raystorm.library (Only one copy of RayStorm can run at a time)
      RayStorm failed to open raystorm.library
110   Can't open intuition.library
      RayStorm failed to open intuition.library (at least version 37 is
      needed)
111   Can't open window
      RayStorm failed to open the window.
112   Can't open muimaster.library
      RayStorm failed to open muimaster.library (at least version 8 is
      needed)
113   Invalid vector definition
      The specified vector has the wrong format (must be '<x,y,z>').
114   Invalid color definition
      The specified color has the wrong format (must be '[r,g,b]').
115   Invalid region definition
      The specified region is out of range.
116   No light defined
      You tried to add lens flares or a light star and there is no previously
      defined light source.
117   Unknown flare type
      You specified an unknown type for the ›3mFLARE›0m command.
118   Unknown flare function
      You specified an unknown function for the ›3mFLARE›0m command.
119   Only one object for a CSG object has been defined
      CSG objects always need two objects to operate on. For further informaions see
      ›3mCGS›0m.
120   Unknonw CSG operator
      You specified an unknown operator for the ›3mCSG›0m command.

›0m›1mInternal errors›0m

This are errors of the renderer.

  1   Not enough memory
      Allocation of memory failed.
  2   Limitations of demo version reached
      The demo version is limited to a resolution of 160x128.
  3   Wrong screen resolution
      Both components of the screen resolution have to be higher than one.
  4   Error in triangle definition
      It's impossible to generate a triangle with the specified coordinates
      (see ›3mTRIANGLE›0m).
  5   The view and up directions are identical?
      You specified a view-up-vector for the ›3mCAMERA›0m command which is identical
      to the view direction.
  6   Not enough memory for screen buffer
      The allocation of the screen buffer failed.
  8   Can't open Imagine texture file
      RayStorm failed to open the specified Imagine texture file, check
      filename and path.
  9   Can't open brush file
      RayStorm failed to open the specified brush file, check
      filename and path.
 10   Error initializing Imagine texture
      An error occured as RayStorm tried to initialize a Imagine texture.
 11   Can't open picture
      RayStorm failed to open the specified picture file, check filename
      and path.
 12   Error reading picture
      An error occured while RayStorm read a picture file.
 13   Can't open picture type file ('modules/picture/types')
      RayStorm failed to open the typefile. The typefile is needed to
      identify the filetypes of the pictures. RayStorm was unable to open
      the file 'modules/picture/types'.
 14   Error reading picture type file
      An error occured while RayStorm read the picture type file, maybe the
      file is damaged.
 14   Unknown picture format
      RayStorm was unable to recognize the format of the picture file.
 16   An error occcured while invoking picture handler
      The used picture handler returned a error.
 17   Can't open object
      RayStorm failed to open the specified object file, check filename
      and path.
 18   Error reading object
      An error occured while RayStorm read a object file.
 19   Can't open object type file ('modules/object/types')
      RayStorm failed to open the typefile. The typefile is needed to
      identify the filetypes of the objects. RayStorm was unable to open
      the file 'modules/object/types'.
 20   Error reading object type file
      An error occured while RayStorm read the object type file, maybe the
      file is damaged.
 21   Unknown object format
      RayStorm was unable to recognize the format of the object file.
 22   An error occcured while invoking object handler
      The used object handler returned a error.
 23   Actor not defined
      The specified actor name does not exist.
 24   Surface not defined
      The specified surface name does not exist.
 25   Depth of octree too big (max. 6)
      The octree depth is limited to a depth of 6.
 26   Antialiasing value too big (max. 8)
      The value of the ›3mANTIALIAS›0m command is limited to 8.
 27   Invalid time intervall
      One component of a time intervall was negative or the beginning time
      was later than the end.
 28   No picture renderd
      There is no picture for ›3mSAVEPIC›0m to save because you renderd none
      or called ›3mCLEANUP›0m before.
 29   Distribution value too big (max. 8)
      The value of the ›3mDISTRIB›0m command is limited to 8.
 30   Wrong error number
      The error number for ›3mGETERRORSTR›0m is out of range.
 31   Unknown Parameter
      A RSI-function was called with an unknown parameter (should nerver occur).

›0m›1mEXAMPLES›0m

We have included several demos in the directories 'arexx' and 'examples'
to show how to use RayStorm.

In the 'arexx' directory are examples scripts which show the usage of
RayStorm with ARexx. Start them simply by typing 'rx ???.ray' in a shell
(???.ray is the name of the script).

In the 'examples' directory are C-programs which show the usage of
RayStorm directly with a program. They can only be run from a shell.
These programs are producing a couple of pictures no animation, which must
be glued together with a utility like MainActor.

›0m›1mTUTORIALS›0m

If you use RayStorm for the first time, then it would be a good idea to do
the following tutorials:

›3mSimple scene ›0m
›3mBouncing ball›0m
›3mMotion blur  ›0m

›0m›1mTutorial: Simple scene›0m

Now we will create a very famous scene. A sphere over a checkerboard! Ok, it
may be boring, but it's good for the absolute beginner to get an
impression of building a scene.

Here we go:

1. In the  drawer 'ARexx' of the RayStorm directory there is a file named
   'default.ray'. This is a default form for RayStorm ARexx scripts. You can
   use this form to write your own scripts.
   We'll use this file as a default for our animation script. Copy this file
   to the file 'simple.ray'. After this load the file 'simple.ray' to your
   favorite text editor (e.g GoldEd or CygnusEd).

2. To view the scene, we need a camera. Insert after the line 'address
   RAYSTORM' the line:

›0m›3m   '›3mSETCAMERA›0m <6,1.5,-1.5> <0,0,0> <0,1,0>'›0m

   This sets the camera to position <6,1.5,-1.5>. The camera points to
   <0,0,0> and the view-up vector is <0,1,0>. Note that you don't have to
   specify every single parameter. Every command has default values. Refer
   to the description of a command to find out the default values.

3. Nothing can be seen without a lightsource.
   Go to the next line and type:

›0m›3m   '›3mPOINTLIGHT›0m <0,50,0> [255,255,255] SHADOW'›0m

   The sphere is illuminated from above with white light.

4. Before placing the objects in the scene, you have to define their
   surfaces.
   Insert this line:

›0m›3m   '›3mNEWSURFACE›0m planesurf'›0m

   This creates a surface with name planesurf. The plane has a checkered
   surface, so insert:

›0m›3m   '›3mIMTEXTURE›0m /textures/checker.itx <0.1,0.1,0.1> <0,0,0> <2,2,2>'›0m

5. That was the plane texture. Let 's go over to sphere texture.
   Add:

›0m›3m   '›3mNEWSURFACE›0m spheresurf'›0m

   The sphere has a mirrored surface. To simulate a perfect mirror, type

›0m›3m   '›3mREFLECT›0m [255,255,255]'›0m

6. Now we can add the objects to the scene:

›0m›3m   '›3mSPHERE›0m spheresurf <0,0.5,0> 1'›0m

   This creates a sphere on position <0,0.5,0> and radius 1.
   Add the plane:

›0m›3m   '›3mPLANE›0m planesurf'›0m

   The default values for the position and the normal vector fit to our
   scene, so we can take them over.

7. Let's make an end to the definitions and render the scene!
   Type:

›0m›3m   '›3mSTARTRENDER›0m'›0m

8. Finally we may not forget to save the picture, so add:

›0m›3m   '›3mSAVEPIC›0m simple.iff'›0m

   which will save the renderd picture in the current directory as a
   IFF-ILBM file.
   The last step is to free all the memory with the command 'CLEANUP'. Add:

›0m›3m   ›3mCLEANUP›0m'›0m

9. Start the script from a shell-window with the sequence 'rx simple.ray'.
   RayStorm will now generate your picture. When RayStorm finished the work
   start your favourite viewer-program, load the file and have a look at
   it.
   Looks very monochrome!!
   To make the world colorful, we make a red checker and set the sky to
   blue. A blue sky can be done by setting the world's background color.
10. Before 'SETCAMERA' insert:

›0m›3m   '›3mSETWORLD›0m [30,30,255]'›0m

   Add

›0m›3m   '›3mDIFFUSE›0m [155,0,0]'›0m

   to the surface planesurf (this defines one checker color), the other one
   must be set in the 'IMTEXTURE' command, so change it to

›0m›3m   '›3mIMTEXTURE›0m /textures/checker.itx <0.1,0.1,0.1> <0,0,0> <2,2,2> 255 0 0'›0m

   (Note that '255 0 0' describes a color, but is not embedded in < >,
   because the checker color belongs to the texture parameters which are
   all floats.)

11. Render the scene once again, and view it.

That's the end of the tutorial! Make some changes to the scene file and
play around with the parameters to see their effects.

›0m›1mTutorial: Bouncing ball›0m

The goal of this tutorial is to show you how to generate little animations.
At the end of this tutorial you'll have a animation where the earth rotates
and bounces on a rotating plane with a white checker texture on the top and
a red checker on the bottom. If you have a fast computer you can also
generate the animation with motion blur.

O.k. here we go:

1. In the  drawer 'ARexx' of the RayStorm directory there is a file named
   'default.ray'. This is a default form for RayStorm ARexx scripts. You can
   use this form to write your own scripts.
   We will use this file as a default for our animation script. Copy this file
   to the file 'bounce.ray'. After this load the file 'bounce.ray' to your
   favorite text editor (e.g GoldEd or CygnusEd).

2. First we define some values: the acceleration of the ball and the amount
   of frames to generate.
   RayStorm has three commands to set the paths where it searchs the files
   it needs. We use a brush for the surface of the ball and a texture for
   the surface of the ground.
   To do this we have to insert after the command 'ADDRESS RAYSTORM' the
   lines:

›0m›3m   g = .2
   frames = 17

   '›3mBRUSHPATH›0m /brushes'
   '›3mTEXTUREPATH›0m /textures'›0m

   It's the same if you write the commands in upper case or lower case.
   But it's important to enclose all commans in quotes because ARexx tries
   to interpret the line before it sends it. It may happen that the line is
   changed and RayStorm don't do the things you want.

3. Next we set the screen resolution. For the first experiments we choose
   a low resolution of 160x128 pixels. Insert the line:

›0m›3m   '›3mSETSCREEN›0m 160 128'›0m

4. Now we set the camera parameters. The first three values determine the
   position of the camera. We want to place it so that we can see the ball
   all over the time. The next values set the viewpoint of the camera, this
   is the point the camera aims to. The next values determine the view up
   vector. And the last two values determine the field of view. To get a
   pixel aspect of 1:1 we have to set them to 25 and 20 degree.

›0m›3m   '›3mSETCAMERA›0m <0,10,40> <0,5,0> <0,1,0> 25 20'›0m

5. We want to have a bright blue background for our animation. The
   background and the global ambient color is set with the 'SETWORLD'
   command. We want to set the ambient color to a dark gray, if this color
   is to bright the scene will look washed out and the objects appear flat.
   Insert the line:

›0m   '›3mSETWORLD›0m [10,30,200] [10,10,10]'›0m

6. The illumination is an important part of a scene. We want to place a
   pointlight near the camera. Add the line:

›0m   '›3mPOINTLIGHT›0m <5,10,50>'›0m›3m

7. Now we define the actor for the plane. We want to rotate it around the
   Z-axis. Insert the lines:

›0m›3m   '›3mNEWACTOR›0m groundactor'
   '›3mALIGNMENT›0m 0 ' frames+2 ' <0,0,360>'›0m

7. Now we define the surface for the plane and the plane itself. We make it
   a little reflective and apply a checker texture. The surface 'groundtop'
   is for the top of the plane and the surface 'groundbottom' is for the
   bottom of the surface. The plane itself consits of four triangles. Two
   fo the top and two for the bottom. Insert the lines:

›0m›3m   '›3mNEWSURFACE›0m groundtop'
   '›3mDIFFUSE›0m [255,255,255]'
   '›3mSPECULAR›0m [0,0,0]'
   '›3mREFLECT›0m [50,50,50]'
   '›3mIMTEXTURE›0m checker.itx <0,-1,0> <0,0,0> <10,10,10> ACTOR groundactor'

   '›3mNEWSURFACE›0m groundbottom'
   '›3mDIFFUSE›0m [255,0,0]'
   '›3mSPECULAR›0m [0,0,0]'
   '›3mREFLECT›0m [50,50,50]'
   '›3mIMTEXTURE›0m checker.itx <0,-1,0> <0,0,0> <1.5,1.5,1.5> ACTOR groundactor'

   '›3mTRIANGLE›0m groundtop <-2,0,-2> <2,0,-2> <2,0,2> ACTOR groundactor'
   '›3mTRIANGLE›0m groundtop <-2,0,-2> <-2,0,2> <2,0,2> ACTOR groundactor'
   '›3mTRIANGLE›0m groundbottom <-2,-.01,-2> <2,-.01,-2> <2,-.01,2> ACTOR groundactor'
   '›3mTRIANGLE›0m groundbottom <-2,-.01,-2> <-2,-.01,2> <2,-.01,2> ACTOR groundactor'›0m

8. Next we define the motion of the ball. It starts at a height of 10 and
   accelerates until it bounces on the plane, changes it's direction and
   the motions ends as the ball is back at he start point. Additional the
   ball rotates around the Y-axis. Add the following sequence to your script:

›0m›3m   speed = -g
   pos = 10
   '›3mNEWACTOR›0m ballactor <0,'pos',0>'
   do i=0 to frames
     '›3mPOSITION›0m ' i i+1 '<0,'pos',0>'
     pos = pos+speed
     if pos<=1 & speed<0 then
       speed = -speed
     else
       speed = speed-g
   end
   '›3mALIGNMENT›0m 0 ' frames+2 ' <0,360,0>'›0m

9. Now we define the surface for the ball and the ball itself. The only thing
   we must do is to map a earth styled brush map to a sphere. To reach this
   goal the position of the brush must be set to the middle of the sphere
   and the size must be small enough to be completely inside the sphere.
   This are the lines to define the ball:

›0m›3m   '›3mNEWSURFACE›0m ball'
   '›3mBRUSH›0m earth.iff COLOR WRAPXY <0,10,0> <0,0,0> <.1,.1,.1> ACTOR ballactor'

   '›3mSPHERE›0m ball <0,10,0> 1 ACTOR ballactor'›0m

10. If your computer is fast enough you can insert the follwing lines:

›0m›3m   '›3mANTIALIAS›0m 2'
   '›3mDISTRIB›0m 2'›0m

   'ANTIALIAS' improves the quality of the picture; 2 or 3 are normal values,
   higher values don't improve the quality significant.
   A value higher than one for 'DISTRIB' switches {"motion blur" link Motion Blur} on.

11. At this the we have finished the definitions and now can render the single
   frames. If youn want the reflections of the ball on the plane you have
   to delete the keyword 'QUICK', because RayStorm renders no reflections in
   quick mode. The frame time is set with 'FROM' and 'TO'. We save the frames
   as IFF-ILBM pictures with the names 'bounce0001.iff' ... 'bounceXXXX.iff'.
   The last step is to free all the memory with the command 'CLEANUP'. Add
   these lines:

›0m›3m   do i=0 to frames
      '›3mSTARTRENDER›0m QUICK FROM 'i' TO 'i+1
      '›3mSAVEPIC›0m bounce' || RIGHT(i,4,0) || '.iff'
   end

   '›3mCLEANUP›0m'›0m

12. Start the script from a shell-window with the sequence 'rx bounce.ray'.
   RayStorm will now generate your frames. When RayStorm finished the work
   you must glue the pictures together to get the animation.

That's all. Have fun!

›0m›1mTutorial: Motion blur›0m

In this tutorial we show you how to make animations and how to use motion
blur.
To animate objects we need ACTORs. An ACTOR can be seen as a virtual object
which can have a certain position/alignment/size at a certain time. ACTORs can
be used for keyframe animation by giving control points which RayStorm can
interpolate (only linear for now.  Spline interpolations will be implemented
later).
You can assign an ACTOR to one or more real objects. An object with an actor
assigned to it will follow all actions the actor does. Let's take the sphere
from the second tutorial and move it to direction of the camera.
Type following:

›0m›3m'›3mSETCAMERA›0m <6,1.5,-1.5> <0,0,0><0,1,0>'
'›3mPOINTLIGHT›0m <30,50,30> [255,255,255] SHADOW'›0m

you can add POSITION, ALIGNMENT and SIZE commands after NEWACTOR
(similar to the surface commands after NEWSURFACE)

›0m›3m'›3mNEWACTOR›0m actor'
'›3mPOSITION›0m 0 1 <3,0,0.4>'

'›3mNEWSURFACE›0m planesurf'
'›3mDIFFUSE›0m <255,30,30>'
'›3mIMTEXTURE›0m "checker.itx" <0.1,0.1,0.1> <0,0,0> <2,2,2> 155 25 0'

'›3mNEWSURFACE›0m spheresurf'
'›3mREFLECT›0m <255,255,255>'

'›3mSPHERE›0m spheresurf <0,1,0> 0.7 actor'
'›3mPLANE›0m planesurf'›0m

You can make an animation by a series of STARTRENDER/SAVEPIC combinations. Our
little movie shall consist of 6 frames, so we will subdivide our time intervall
(1 unit) and make a photo every 0.2 time units. The STARTRENDER command has the
option to render a picture within a certain time intervall. That can be
compared with the shutter time of a real camera. The camera of RayStorm records
all movements of the objects in the scene within that time intervall which
results in a blurred scene. At the beginning we do no motion blur, so we set
the start and the end time to the same value. (Which means no shutter time).

Add this code and execute it:

›0m›3mdo i=0 to 1 step 0.2
 '›3mSTARTRENDER›0m QUICK FROM 'i' TO 'i
 '›3mSAVEPIC›0m sphere' || RIGHT(i*5,4,0) || '.iff'
end

'›3mCLEANUP›0m'›0m

You can make a movie out of it using an animator program such as MainActor.
Now we introduce one of the advanced features of RayStorm: Motion Blur
Replace the commands above by the following lines:

›0m›3m/* when doing motion blur you *MUST* add the distrib command +/

'›3mDISTRIB›0m 3'

/* shutter time is 0.2 */

do i=0 to 0.8 step 0.2
 '›3mSTARTRENDER›0m QUICK FROM 'i' TO 'i+0.2
 '›3mSAVEPIC›0m sphere' || RIGHT(i*5,4,0) || '.iff'
end

'›3mCLEANUP›0m'›0m

For each frame, the camera opens the shutter 0.2 time units long and records
what's happening. As you can see, an animation with motion blur gives a better
visual effect.
Again feel free to change the parameters.

›0m›1mTEXTURES›0m

Textures are mathematically generated patterns which can be applied to the
surface of an object.
There are several textures in the directory 'textures'.

   ›3m Bump    ›0m
   ›3m Checker ›0m
   ›3m Fire    ›0m
   ›3m Linear  ›0m
   ›3m Marble  ›0m
   ›3m Radial  ›0m
   ›3m Stars   ›0m
   ›3m Wood    ›0m

›0m›1mBUMP›0m

This texture applies bumps to the surface.
Size of texture determines size of the bumps.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: X bump size
2: Y bump size
3: Z bump size
set the 'depth' of the bumps.

Example:
sphere with radius 1
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE bump.itx <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <.3,.3,.3> 1 1 1›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mCHECKER›0m

This texture applies thw ell known checker pattern to the surface.
›0m›1mAttention!
If you apply a checker texture to a plane, the plane may not be at the same
position on which the checker changes its color. Otherwise you get a noisy
texture due to rounding errors.›0m

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Color Red
2: Color Green
3: Color Blue
Color of the checkers, other color is taken from object.

4: Reflect Red
5: Reflect Green
6: Reflect Blue
Reflect color of the checkers.

7: Filter Red
8: Filter Green
9: Filter Blue
Filter color of the checkers.

›0m›1mExample:›0m
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE "checker.itx" <0,0.1,0> <0,0,0> <2,2,2> 255 0 0›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mFIRE›0m

This texture generates a pattern which look like fire. It's based on the book
›3mTexturing and Modeling›0m.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

 1: Chaos Scale       higher values make sharper flames
 2: Chaos Offset      higher values make more flames with bottom color (white)
                      lower values more top colored flames (red)
 3: Octaves           determines the frequency of the flames
 4: Flameheight
 5: Flameamplitude
 6: Bottom Red
 7: Bottom Green
 8: Bottom Blue       is the bottom fire color (white)
 9: Middle Red
10: Middle Green
11: Middle Blue       is the middle color (yellow)
12: Top Red
13: Top Green
14: Top Blue          is the top color (red)
15: Transparent Top   if not 0 the texture gets more transparent from bottom
                      to top
Example:
plane with
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE fire.itx <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1>›0m
›3mPicture›0m
›3mHigh Chaos Scale›0m

›0m›1mLINEAR›0m

This texture varies the color of the object in the y-direction of the
texture.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Color Red
2: Color Green
3: Color Blue
color to interpolate to.

4: Reflect Red
5: Reflect Green
6: Reflect Blue
reflection to interpolate to.

7: Filter Red
8: Filter Green
9: Filter Blue
filter to interpolate to.

›0m›1mExample:›0m
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE "linear.itx" <0,0.1,0> <0,0,0> <2,2,2> 0 0 255›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mWOOD›0m

This texture applies a wood like texture to the surface.
Size of texture determines size of wood.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Color Red
2: Color Green
3: Color Blue
Color. Other color is taken from object.

4: Reflect Red
5: Reflect Green
6: Reflect Blue
Reflection color.

7: Filter Red
8: Filter Green
9: Filter Blue
Filter color.

10: Octave
The higher the octave the noisier are the wood rings.

11: Frequency
The higher the frequency the smaller the wood rings.

›0m›1mExample:›0m
cube with size 2
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE wood.itx <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1> 255 255 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mMARBLE›0m

This texture applies a marble like texture to the surface.
Size of texture determines size of bumps.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Color Red
2: Color Green
3: Color Blue
Color. Other color is taken from object.

4: Reflect Red
5: Reflect Green
6: Reflect Blue
Reflection color.

7: Filter Red
8: Filter Green
9: Filter Blue
Filter color.

10: Octave
The higher the octave the noisier is the texture.

›0m›1mExample:›0m
cube with size 2
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE marble.itx <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <.5,.5,.5> 150 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 7›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mRADIAL›0m

This texture varies the color of the object radial around the texture axis.

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Start radius
Interploation start radius.

2: End radius
Interploation end radius.

3: Color Red
4: Color Green
5: Color Blue
Color to interpolate to.

6: Reflect Red
7: Reflect Green
8: Reflect Blue
Reflection to interpolate to.

9: Filter Red
10: Filter Green
11: Filter Blue
Filter to interpolate to.

›0m›1mExample:›0m
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE "radial.itx" <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1> 1 2 255 0 0›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mSTARS›0m

This texture applies randomly stars to the surface. Cannot be used in
animations!

›0m›1mParameters:›0m

1: Color Red
2: Color Green
3: Color Blue
Color of the stars.

4: Density
Star density. The higher the more stars (0. - 1.).

›0m›1mExample:›0m
 ›0m›3mIMTEXTURE "stars.itx" <0,0,0> <0,0,0> <1,1,1> 255 255 255 0.1›0m
›3mPicture›0m

›0m›1mKNOWN BUGS›0m


›0m›1mDISCLAIMER›0m

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THIS PROGRAM TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW.  EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER AND/OR
OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE
ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL
ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM
AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR
DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES
OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF
SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.

›0m›1mCOPYRIGHT›0m

The RayStorm package is Copyright 1995-97 by Andreas Heumann and Mike Hesser.
All Rights Reserved. It is released under the concept of `Shareware'.

The archive of RayStorm may only be distributed in unmodified form.  No files
may be added, changed or removed. You may not charge for this archive, other
than the cost of the media and duplication fees. Distribution is allowed in
all forms, such as BB systems, floppy or compact disks, and ftp sites.

›0m›1mCREDITS›0m

We want to thank the following persons:

- Bernhard Moench - chairman of Plasma Pictures (a great Amiga club)

  Address:

  Plasma Pictures
  Reality and Imagination!

  Bernhard Moench
  Regensburger Strasse 28c

  10777 Berlin
  GERMANY

- Stephan Dorenkamp - for testing

- Maan Hamze - for testing, hundrets of suggestions and bugreports...
  ... and many many E-Mails

- Klaus Melchior for his listtree class

- Stefan Stunz for MUI

- Thanks to all registrated users for the support of the shareware concept.

›0m›1mREGISTER›0m

If you like RayStorm use the registration programm to register.
Fill out the registration form and press the 'Print' button.
If the printer is installed correctly, the registration is printed out.
You can get information about the current agreements by pressing the 'Info'
button.

›0m›1mAUTHORS›0m

For bug reports, comments, suggestions ... you can contact us at the
following addresses (E-mail prefered).

   Amiga-version:

   Andreas Heumann

   E-mail:  [e-mail] (or [e-mail])
   S-mail:  Heilmeyersteige 105
            89075 Ulm
            Germany

   PC-version:

   Mike Hesser

   E-mail:  [e-mail]
   S-mail:  Heilmeyersteige 105
            89075 Ulm
            Germany

›0m›1mPC-VERSION›0m

The PC version is available on the Internet from our ›3mhomepage›0m.

›0m›1mHISTORY›0m

›3mRayStorm Scenario ›0m
›3mRayStorm Script   ›0m
›3mRayStorm Raytracer›0m

›0m›1mHISTORY›0m

version 1.0b (27-August-96)
- initial release.

version 1.1 (04-October-96)
- save and load materials in attribute requester
- create cube, sphere, plane, tube, cone and torus mesh objects
- fixed bug with color requesters (colors changed every call)
- string gadgets now advance to next/prev gadget when return is pressed
- improved zooming with the mouse
- added enable button for render area
- fixed problems with KS-versions less than 3.0 (<39)
- key 't' opens settings requester
- added new preview resolutions (NTSC 80x50,PAL 80x64,VGA 80x60)
- if more than one object is selected the object for attributes can be
  selected by the browser
- implemented two browser modes
- added center view with 'R-Amiga - .'
- joined settings and transform requester
- several bugfixes
- improved object scaling with mouse
- can now scale external objects

version 1.2 (29-November-96)
- forgot to scale child objects of external objects
- added ok button to render requester
- added ›3mcamera to viewer›0m
- added hierarchical object browser
- ask for rendering of scenes with no light sources
- bugfix: it was impossible to track and to set the opening angle of a
  spotlight
- convert external to scene objects
- added RayStorm object file format (RSOB)
- fixed problem with vertical stripes with 020-version
- fixed problem with screen update
- coordinate display even if no object is translated
- focal distance of camera can automatically be set to camera-track distance
- added preview to attributes requester
- improved color selection for rendering preview window
- added show and save button to registration program
- added some materials
- added lens effects (flares, light star)

version 1.8 (16-February-97)
- minimum amount of objects for octree is now setable in the ›3mRender Settings›0m
  requester
- added spikewidth to visible light star
- added new/load/save buttons
- all objects can track each other
- added undo and redo
- added box object
- added status bar
- added tilt angle to light star
- the render window can now be set with the mouse
- objects can now be selected with a selection box
- raw object loader works now correctly
- lens flares in the requester are now selectable with the mouse

›0m›1mHISTORY›0m

version 1.02 (16-August-95)
- added BRIGHT-flags for surface
- deleted TRANSATTU

version 1.081 (08-October-95)
- added listview for history

version 1.13 (01-November-95)
- now more than one path with PATH-commands possible

version 1.16 (09-January-96)
- added 'SOFTSHADOW' to 'DISTRIB'
- added 'FALLOFF' for 'POINTLIGHT' and 'SPOTLIGHT'

version 1.2 (29-February-96)
- bugfix 'ANTIALIAS' command: parameter CONTRIB produced error 30

version 1.22 (25-April-96)
- added 'SURFACE' to 'LOADOBJ' to replace objects surface with own surface

version 1.26 (04-October-96)
- fixed a bug which caused the program to crash on exit

version 1.3 (29-November-96)
- added '›3mFLARE›0m' and '›3mSTAR›0m'

version 1.8 (16-February-97)
- added 'MINOBJECTS' to '›3mSTARTRENDER›0m'
- added 'SPIKEWIDTH' to '"{"STAR" link STAR}'
- added 'NOSTAR' and 'NOFLARES' to '›3mPOINTLIGHT›0m' and '›3mSPOTLIGHT›0m'.
- added '›3mBOX›0m' command
- added '›3mCSG›0m' command
- bugfix: 'RANDJIT'-flag of '›3mSETWORLD›0m' has been ignored.
- added 'TILT' to '›3mSTAR›0m'

›0m›1mHISTORY›0m

version 1.0 (09-July-95)
- initial release.

version 1.01 (15-August-95)
- added soft shadows
- added random jitter
- added brush repeat and mirror

version 1.02 (16-August-95)
- bugfix: altitude mapping -> black object: fixed
- bugfix: loading of TDDD-objects with brushes crashed: fixed
- added backdrop picture
- added BRIGHT-flags for surface
- added fog

version 1.03 (17-August-95)
- bugfix: sphere intersection test: fixed

version 1.04 (21-August-95)
- added global fog

version 1.05 (28-August-95)
- added animation commands

version 1.06 (01-September-95)
- added motion blur

version 1.07 (10-September-95)
- added specular brush mapping

version 1.08 (11-September-95)
- added rendering box

version 1.081 (08-October-95)
- added global reflection map
- changed error messages

version 1.082 (11-October-95)
- improved memory management for Imagine objects

version 1.083 (12-October-95)
- changed spotlight direction to lookpoint and added actor for lookpoint
- new form for vectors '<x,y,z>'
- new form for colors '[r,g,b]'

version 1.1 (18-October-95)
- next offical release

version 1.11 (19-October-95)
- bugfix: Imagine fog objects are now loaded properly
- added parameter check for field rendering

version 1.12 (21-October-95)
- speedup of motion blur

version 1.13 (01-November-95)
- bugfix: spotlight look point changed camera view point
- added soft interpolation of colors for brushmapping
- bugfix: objects behind light sources casted shadows

version 1.14 (03-November-95)
- changed default gaussian filter width from 1.8 to 1.3
- bugfix: problem with global fog
- plane can now be animated
- changed axis position in flat brush mapping
- added 'Time spend' and 'Time left'

version 1.15 (28-November-95)
- added PNG- and ILBM-modules
- added radial texture

version 1.16 (09-January-96)
- bugfix in PNG-module: had problems with palette pictures
- bugfix motion blur: had a problem with voxel calculations
- bugfix motion blur: had no motion blur in scenes with planes
- added TGA-module
- added 'SOFTSHADOW' to 'DISTRIB'
- optimized octree (up to 10% faster)
- added 'FALLOFF' for 'POINTLIGHT' and 'SPOTLIGHT'
- bugfix can now load plane
- bugfix can now load multiple planes or perfect spheres

version 1.17 (18-February-96)
- object loading is now done in modules
- added 3DS module
- bugfix in TDDD-module: hardness is now used to set REFEXP
- brushes and textures are no applied to surfaces which lie
  between the light source and the illuminated surface
- bugfix antialiasing: there where some bright pixel trash in the picture
  if antialiasing with fog was used
- rewrote bump, wood and marble textures
- global reflections map is now applied in 'QUICK' mode too

version 1.2 (29-February-96)
- bugfix: last line of picture has been always black
- bugfix: had problems with Imagine 4.0 TDDD objects

version 1.21 (25-March-96)
- TDDD objects are now rotated and scaled relative to axis of first object
- bugfix: since 1.2 shadows in motion blur scenes were calculated false
- bugfix: in some cases there were vertical and horizontal stripes in
  rendered pictures
- bugfix: triangles which were exactly in one plane (XY,XZ,YZ) disapeared

version 1.22 (25-April-96)
- bugfix: had problems with sharp edges of TDDD objects
- bugfix: altitude brush mapping produced ugly results
- bugfix: fixed some motion blur bugs
- added 'SURFACE' to 'LOADOBJ' to replace objects surface with own surface
- added datatype support for all commands which load brushes

version 1.25 (08-September-96)
- the RayStorm kernel is now a shared library
- added support of new TDDD TXT4 chunk for textures from Imagine 4.0
- changed the world axis orientation (x left, y up, z in)

version 1.26 (04-October-96)
- fixed error in marble texture
- bugfix: had problems with sharp edges of TDDD objects (once again)

version 1.3 (29-November-96)
- recompiled raystorm.library with StormC -> upto 30% faster (68030/881)
- backdrop pictures are now automatically scaled
- added lens effects (flare, light star)

version 1.8 (16-February-97)
- added shadow cache (improves rendering speed for scenes with many shadows)
- fire texture
- minimum amount of objects for octree
- added spikewidth to visible light star
- added box object
- added CSG
- added tilt angle to light star
- brushes support now 24 bit datatypes too
- lens flares are now softly interpolated to the border of the flare

›0m›1mHOMEPAGE›0m

Come and visit our RayStorm-Homepage! There you can always get the latest
version of RayStorm and can see some example pictures.

The address:
http://sol.wohnheim.uni-ulm.de/~calvin/raystorm.html

›0m›1mFUTURE ADDITIONS›0m

›0m›1mRayStorm Scenario›0m

- modify triangle objects
- animation control
- Arexx port
- solid display (z-Buffer) (why is there no useable (fast) version of OpenGL for
  Amiga available?)
- use Imagine staging files

›0m›1mRayStorm Raytracer›0m

- more objects (torus, cylinder, ...)
- JPEG-saver
- animation language (ALAN)
- more textures
- don't allocate whole picture buffer at once
- diffuse reflectivity
- diffuse transparency
- log file
- apply post-2D-FX
- spline interpolation for actors
- load Lightwave format
- metaballs
- some extra programs (e.g. terrain and plant generation)

›0m›1mComputer Graphics›0m

J.D. Foley, A. van Dam
Addison-Wesley

›0m›1mAdvanced Animation and Rendering Techniques
Theory and Practice›0m

Alan Watt, Mark Watt
Addison-Wesley

›0m›1mTexturing and Modeling
A Procedural Approach›0m

Ebert, Musgrave, Peachy, Perlin, Worley
1994 Academic Press
ISBN 0-12-228760-6

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